https://www.neuroscigroup.us/journals/annals-of-alzheimer-s-and-dementia-care A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 09 Dec, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-9-132.php Grey matter atrophy is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias. This paper proposes a theoretical framework describing how “auto-generated neural impulses” (AGNI)—an umbrella term for endogenous stimulation patterns including homeostatic plasticity, neurotrophic regulation, and intrinsic oscillatory reinforcement—might influence grey matter density and cognitive resilience. The paper develops non-actionable mathematical models, proposes theoretical molecular pathways, and explores speculative criteria for designing a hypothetical “cognitive-enhancing compound” that could, in theory, support neuroplasticity. These frameworks are intended to inspire academic discussion and are not meant as medical or laboratory protocols. 02 Oct, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-9-131.php Alzheimer’s disease represents a paradox in which the brain’s intrinsic capacity for neuroplasticity fails to prevent progressive decline. Unlike stroke, where intact circuits can reorganize and restore function, AD is marked by diffuse degeneration and active molecular brakes that suppress recovery. This article reviews the dual barriers of myelin-associated inhibitors and chronic neuroinflammation, and further considers the philosophical implications of conditional plasticity. Therapeutic strategies must therefore aim both to release inhibitory signaling pathways and to support the structural substrate of cognition. 03 Jul, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-9-130.php Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-beta plaque deposition, tau protein tangles, neuronal loss, and cerebral atrophy, leading to cognitive decline and memory impairment. Traditionally, treatments have primarily addressed symptoms without targeting the disease’s underlying pathology. However, recent advances have spurred the development of disease-modifying therapies aimed at halting or reversing AD progression. This review highlights key therapeutic strategies, including targeting amyloid-beta and tau protein pathology, natural compounds like curcumin and resveratrol, and anti-inflammatory or antioxidant approaches. Emerging evidence suggests that bacterial infections, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with periodontal disease, may contribute to AD pathogenesis through mechanisms involving neuroinflammation and amyloid production. Novel therapeutic approaches leveraging computational drug discovery and combinatorial treatments offer promising avenues for combating this multifaceted disease. By integrating insights from both traditional and emerging research, this review underscores the importance of a multi-modal strategy in addressing Alzheimer’s disease. 30 May, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-9-129.php Background: Dementia is a serious health issue, and effective management requires an understanding of its risk factors. The purpose of this study was to assess dementia risk factors in patients from Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta. Methods: From April 2021 to April 2024, a cross-sectional study was carried out with participants aged 18 and older who had been diagnosed with dementia using DSM-5 criteria. Demographic and risk factor-related data were collected through structured interviews, and cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results: The study included 178 patients, selected from a convenience sample. We found that two important independent risk factors for dementia were stroke (p < 0.001) and Wilson’s disease (p < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed between other dementia subtypes and stroke (OR = 0.339, 95% CI: 0.195 - 0.583) and Wilson’s Disease (OR = 0.424, 95% CI: 0.297 - 0.606). After adjusting for confounding factors, no additional variables were significantly associated with the risk of dementia, including age, gender, urbanization, socioeconomic status, diabetes, thyroid status, hypertension, family history, B12 deficiency, cardiovascular diseases, smoking, alcohol use, or physical activity. Conclusion: It has been determined that stroke and Wilson’s disease are significant risk factors for dementia, especially the group of dementias other than Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. According to these results, reducing the risk of dementia may benefit from focused screening and intervention for those with a history of stroke and Wilson’s disease. Additional longitudinal research is required to validate these correlations and investigate other risk factors. 31 Jul, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-8-128.php With the aging process of society, the incidence of dementia is increasing year by year and has become a common disease among the elderly which is prognosed to affect approximately 131 million individuals by 2050. The gut microbiome, as a diverse community of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in maintaining health and well-being. Recent research suggests that the gut microbiome significantly influences the development and progression of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative dementias in the elderly. Interventions targeting the gut microbiome through diet, probiotics, and lifestyle changes may offer promising avenues for preventing these conditions. Aging is associated with specific changes in the gut microbiome composition, including the loss of certain beneficial bacteria at the expense of other potentially pathological microorganisms like Akkermansia and Butyricimonas, which may lead to dysbiosis, which was implicated in various aging-related diseases, including AD. Despite advancements in identifying pathobionts associated with unhealthy aging and disease progression, more research is needed to delineate changes attributable to aging from those due to independent disease processes, nevertheless, some studies suggest that modulating the gut microbiome through diet and probiotic supplementation may have potential in improving health status and reducing rate of neurodegeneration. Especially maintaining a healthy, diverse gut flora through diet and lifestyle may be an important factor in preventing dementia and delaying the progression of aging. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the causal mechanisms linking the gut and brain in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this paper aims to present the latest knowledge on gut microbiota changes and their contribution to dementia, proposing strategies for prevention and delaying neurodegenerative processes. 30 Dec, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-7-127.php Alzheimer’s Ddisease (AD) is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. This incurable and fatal disease is becoming an increasingly concerning medical diagnosis. One feature of Alzheimer’s disease is a build-up of the peptide amyloid-beta in the brain that progressively interferes with the patient’s ability to retain memory and perform mental tasks. One of the newest strategies to combat AD is to target the excess amyloid-beta. Several new drugs have been in stages of clinical trials, with both Lecanemab and Aducanumab recently being deemed a scientific breakthrough by gaining Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. This review will address the various strategies scientists have taken to target amyloid-beta, discuss the cost versus benefit of the drugs, and attempt to place this information in context with this significant public health crisis. 13 Oct, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-7-126.php Many studies have shown a connection between education and late-life cognition, with the risk of dementia being inversely associated with educational attainment. This brief article proposes pathways through which cognitive ability in early life, subsequently reinforced by education and then by higher socioeconomic position in midlife, could confer a protective effect on cognitive decline many decades later, in late life. Taking a systems perspective, the article describes mutually reinforcing processes that operate to maintain the stability of cognitive abilities across the life course. The conclusion is that population-level interventions could be designed to enhance cognitive resiliency in our aging populations. 05 Nov, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-6-125.php Background: MCI is an intermediate stage between cognitive impairment status and persons with MCI are at high risk of developing AD. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a multicomponent program (aerobic, resistance exercises, cognitive training, music, myofascial release exercises, acupoint stimulation, and oral gymnastics) on the cognitive and physical functions of older adults in community dwellers and it is to clarify which measurement factors are predictive to reverse MCI to normal. Results: In this study, we measured cognitive functions, physical functions, and the diagnosis of MCI. We assessed factors before (pre-test), and after treatment of 12 training sessions (post-test). The participants were divided into two groups (Improve group and the Non-Improve group). The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the differences between pre-and post-test and revealed significant differences in the UWS (p < 0.05), WM (p < 0.01), SDST (p < 0.01), and MMSE (p < 0.01). Moreover, binomial logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association of the Improved group with the GDS-15 (Odds ratio, 0.587; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], 0.309-0.791; p = 0.003) and MMSE (Odds ratio, 0.494; 95 % CI, 0.360-0.957, p = 0.033). Conclusion: This study indicated that this program improved physical and cognitive functions in those who were not prone to depression before treatment and suggests that the GDS measurement might be able to predict the intervention effects of a multicomponent program. 01 Apr, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-6-124.php Environmental stimulation is expected to have a positive impact on night sleep, psychological or functional states in dementia. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the effects of environmental stimulation consisting of sounds with high-frequency components, aromas, and light exposure from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to create comfortable living spaces for persons with dementia. Subjects (n =6) were recruited from elderly persons admitted to a single nursing home in Akita Prefecture, Japan, between August and September 2020. The night-time sleep state, the rest-activity rhythm, and the light exposure of the subjects living in environments with or without environmental stimulation consisting of sounds with high-frequency components, aromas, and light exposure from OLEDs were measured for 46.3 consecutive days using wrist activate devices under free-living conditions in a nursing home. In a period of environmental stimulation depending on the presence or absence of sounds with high-frequency components, reduction of the fragmented rest-activity rhythms was significantly observed in the subjects (p < 0.05). However, changes in the night-time sleep state had no significant difference during the study period. In conclusion, these preliminary results suggest that future examinations are warranted not only to inform effective or comfortable living conditions for elderly persons with dementia but also to improve the disruption of rest-activity rhythms in persons with dementia. 05 Feb, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-6-123.php Since “living well with dementia” is a concept that varies from person to person, the care provided is expected to be customized to the individual needs of each person with dementia. Support is expected to involve shared decision-making between people with dementia and their caregivers, and a comprehensive geriatric assessment within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health is expected to be conducted to help these persons with dementia realize their goals. Additionally, the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle is expected to be regularly implemented to verify the effectiveness of the intervention. Although the disability of the individual with dementia increases as the disease progresses, it is important to support them to live positively by reducing their difficulties in daily living. 05 Feb, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-6-122.php Shared decision-making is indispensable among people with dementia, their families, and healthcare professionals to ensure that people with dementia live well. Since living with dementia involves the process of losing one’s independence and requiring support from others in all aspects of life, everyday life becomes a series of shared decision-making and collaborative efforts. Dementia care includes the process of rebuilding relationships through shared decision-making and collaboration. In particular, it is of paramount importance to make decisions on how to live well with dementia. Owing to a decline in independence, it may become difficult for people with dementia to live well or achieve happiness on their own. Hence, they are expected to cooperate with people close to them, including family members, to lead happy and fulfilling lives. While making a shared decision, conversations with a person with dementia may result in miscommunication due to a decline in their ability to communicate. If it is difficult to understand certain words or actions of the person with dementia, rather than dismissing them as incomprehensible, caregivers are recommended to analyze the factors underlying those words and actions (background factors), such as the person’s current cognitive state and functioning, human and physical environments, and relationships with other people. 05 Feb, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-6-121.php Co-beneficial relationship-based care has been proposed as a basic concept of dementia care to improve the social well-being of persons with dementia and those close to them, including family members and caregivers. The aim is to empower persons with dementia to manifest their innate altruism, which is intact until the end-of-life period. As dementia may change relationships even among family members, it is desirable for persons with dementia and those close to them to make efforts to maintain mutually beneficial relationships in their daily lives. 27 Dec, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-5-120.php Background: The demographic aging of the Algerian population increases the risk of some age-related pathologies, including dementia. It is one of the most significant public health problems. The prevalence of dementia and risk factors has not been fully investigated in Algeria. This study aims to improve the knowledge of dementia in Algiers by determining its risk factors, allowing to enrich its epidemiology and social aspects. Methods: A cross-sectional, door-to-door study in the Department of Sidi M’Hamed in Algiers “Algeria», conducted in general population, was carried out between June 2012 and August 2014. The clinical diagnosis of dementia was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Possible or probable cases of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Mixed Dementia (MD), Vascular Dementia (VD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Parkinson’s Dementia (PD), and other dementias were identified using standard criteria. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and the pathological history were recorded. Results: 3896 subjects aged 60 years and over participated in the study. Among them, 192 had dementia. Factors strongly associated with dementia in the department of Sidi M’Hamed were advanced age, living alone, widowhood, low cultural level, family history of dementia, high blood pressure and stroke (p<10−6). Conclusion: Greater age, low social raise, low level of education and vascular risk factors (stroke and high blood pressure) increase the risk of suffering from dementia. Other more extensive studies should be conducted, both in rural and urban areas of Algeria, in order to consider comprehensive management solutions and prevention approaches adapted to our context. 17 Sep, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-5-119.php Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are common in individuals with dementia and are associated with poor Quality of Life (QOL) and increased care burden for family members. Managing BPSD, particularly violent behaviors, is essential to improve the QOL for persons with dementia and their families. A 10-week intervention was conducted to empower individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early dementia to manage their BPSD independently. Two men participated in the intervention with their wives; both were violent toward their wives. Questionnaire surveys were completed before and at the end of the intervention by the participants and their wives. Case 1 with MCI acknowledged his cognitive decline, expressed self-awareness regarding his violence, and elected to stop his violent behavior to live happier with his family members. Both he and his wife reported improved QOL, and his wife reported reduced violence and care burden. Case 2 with Alzheimer’s disease dementia was unmotivated to stop his violent behavior due to declined memory function and lacked awareness of his behavior. While he reported increased QOL throughout the intervention, his wife reported increased violence and care burdens. These findings suggest that when addressing BPSD in persons with dementia, recollection and self-awareness of behaviors is critical for encouraging the objective identification of violent behaviors and increasing motivation to modify behaviors. Therefore, in cases wherein individuals can reflect on their behaviors, encouraging self-management can be effective in preventing BPSD. However, when they are incapable of reflecting on their behaviors, other measures should be taken. In such cases, rather than management, encouragement and strengthening harmonious behaviors may be effective in improving their own and others’ QOL. 27 Aug, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-5-118.php Concurrent evidence of some neurological manifestations in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and corona virus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) has beaconed towards common links between these two global crises. Among numerous complications, the COVID-19 sufferers suffer from loss of smell or anosmia. Similar experience has been noticed in the AD patients. Thus, AD and COVI-19 might have some common links with respect to patho-physiology and this co-mediation might pave a new vista in withstanding these two calamities in a concerted fashion. Thus, the present article delves out the missing link between AD and COVID-19 followed by direction towards their plausible common controlling strategies. 20 Mar, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-5-117.php Vanishing White Matter Disease (VWMD), also known as Childhood Ataxia with Central Hypomyelination (CACH) is a leukoencephalopathy with an autosomal recessive inheritance. It is caused by mutations in any of the five genes encoding the five subunits of the eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). Although VWMD was initially described in young children, it is now well known that it has a wide phenotypic spectrum, affecting people of all ages. VWMD is typically characterized by normal or mildly delayed initial psychomotor development, followed by episodic or chronic neurological deterioration, often provoked by infections or minor head trauma. Neurological signs consist mainly of cerebellar ataxia and spasticity. There is no specific treatment beside the “prevention” of cellular stress. Therefore, early recognition of the diagnosis is important to avoid triggering factors and allow genetic counseling. The reported case describes the clinical and radiological characteristics of a patient with adulthood onset of VWMD, revealed by subcortical dementia. 29 Jan, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-5-116.php This study aimed to preliminary examine the effect of DMV stimulation on cognitive function in the elderly with moderate dementia. In the single arm study, 5 participants over 85 years old (% female: 100%) with Alzheimer’s disease completed treatment of DMV stimulation with 15-40 Hz. 15-40 Hz DMV stimulation was provided during the entire day for 4 weeks. We evaluated therapeutic efficacy on cognitive function including WM, trail making test-part A & part B and the symbol digit substitution task in the participants, comparing outcomes at baseline with those after the 4 weeks intervention. According to statistical analyses, the WM improved significantly after the intervention (p = 0.043), and the others didn’t have significant improvement. Our result showed that this DMV stimulation might have potentially positive impact on cognitive memory function in older adults with moderate level of dementia. In conclusion, living environmental intervention utilized 15-40 Hz DMV stimulation can contribute to the new nonpharmacological treatments without invasiveness for the elderly with dementia. 27 Nov, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-4-115.php Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) susceptibility has been soared during global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). People of advanced ages, especially those over sixty years old are more vulnerable to AD and COVID-19 conundrum. Concordant and discordant etiology, pathophysiology and management strategies of AD and COVID-19 had been highlighted in this review. Considering the grave concern of AD and COVID-19 specifically on global aged old population, some recommendations for managing both of the crises had been put forward. 03 Oct, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-4-114.php Starting from the general concept of Aphasia, the present work focuses on the clinical, neurobiological, and functional aspects of the morbid condition, suggesting a multidimensional treatment between physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation exercises for lost skills. 14 Sep, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-4-113.php Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by progressive deficits in cognitive function. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are believed to play a decisive role in the pathology of AD. Improving the clearance of toxic Aβ has, therefore, become a therapeutic strategy for AD. Unfortunately, almost all of the drug candidates tested for AD, including the Aβ centric therapeutic approaches, until now have failed to exhibit any efficacy. Previous evidence suggested that aerobic exercise training contributes to the improvement of cognitive decline and slows down pathogenesis of AD; however, the exact mechanisms for this have not been fully understood. One of the most important beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on AD is modifying Aβ clearance. Accumulating evidence indicates that aerobic exercise not only upregulates the clearance of amyloid plaques and soluble Aβ in the brain but also increases its final removal from the periphery. But there are still many unanswered questions in this regard, including the proper timing of exercise interventions, optimal aerobic exercise mode, intensity, duration, and frequency as well as the possible effect of exercise on potential environmental Aβ-clearing agents, which should be considered in future studies. 06 Jun, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-4-112.php Exosomes are small membrane-bound entities of endocytic origin. These membrane-derived, extracellular vesicles have been shown to be secreted by a number of cell types such as adipocytes, platelets, cardiac progenitor cells, muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, lymphocytes, tumor cells, embryonic stem cells, umbilical cord blood-derived cells and cells in the central nervous system including neurons, neuroglial cells etc., These extracellular vesicles contain various protein, lipid, pro-inflammatory cytokines and RNA species whose content is altered under pathological diseased conditions of the CNS. Currently, the techniques available to diagnose neurodegenerative disorders involve analysing the physiological levels of certain proteins in the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and checking for extracellular senile plaque formation (protein aggregation and accumulation) in the brain using MRI/CT scans. These techniques are quite expensive, invasive and painful in nature as collecting the CSF and accessing the brain area are difficult. In the past few years, there is a growing interest on using exosomes for diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders due to their easy availability from most of the biological fluids including the blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, semen etc., their extremely high disease-specific bio-molecular signature/profile, the ability of exosomes to cargo a variety of biomolecules in between cells and their capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. These make them a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative disorder. This review begins with a brief introduction about exosomes and focuses mainly on using exosomes for diagnosing major neurodegenerative diseases like Prion disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. 22 May, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-4-111.php The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease among population worldwide is increasing because of unrecognizing of its risk factors and unawareness of adopting modification of preventive behaviors. 12 May, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-4-110.php Background: Metformin belongs to the antidiabetic drug but it has been shown some beneficial effects towards Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders and found to be neuroprotective by inhibiting apoptosis in neuronal cortical cells in various animal models apart from its anti-diabetic potential as per the available reports. 12 May, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-4-109.php Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) affects millions of elderly people, many of the patients partially or completely lost the capability to maintain independent daily living [1-3]. 26 Dec, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-3-108.php Background: Stress is not merely something that makes one worry. It is rather ubiquitous. It is synonymous with life. We live in an age of great stress and anxiety and it impacts more on our life and social wellbeing depending on one’s gender and personality types. 13 Aug, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-3-107.php There is increased interest in cognitive aging among experts in brain sciences and gerontology as a result of improvement in health sciences leading to longeveity. However, there are very limited studies on this area in Nigeria and some parts of Africa. 12 Jul, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-3-106.php Objective: By the lack of initiative by force (Faith) Iron man lives. Iron defi ciency causes anemia, anemia causes dementia, Alzheimer dementia and Alzheimer’s produces cognitive impairment in memory produces bases. Well hear him. The Iron Will Alkaline, the answer is yes. 18 Sep, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-2-105.php Background: The classic pathologies seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, but synapse and spine loss have been recognised as new pathologies. Microtubules are thought to be less plentiful in spines, so it has been thought that spine shape change and molecular transportation in spines is performed mainly by actin. However, reports of the intraspinal invasion of microtubules, alternative mechanisms require investigation. Microtubule-associated protein 1B has microtubule conserving and polymerising effects and is overexpressed in Fragile X syndrome, in which spines are thin and elongated. 17 Jul, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-1-104.php CDP-choline (cytidine-5′-diphosphate choline), also called citicoline, is one of the most frequently pre scribed drugs for cognitive impairment in several European countries and worldwide. 03 Apr, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-1-103.php We are reporting an otherwise healthy lady of forty eight years suffering from rapidly progressive dementia, behavioural disturbances, myoclonus, ataxia and extrapyramidal features of eight months duration with characteristic abnormalities on brain imaging, electroencephalography with positive cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 protein, satisfying the revised World Health organization (WHO) criteria for diagnosis of “clinically probable Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD)”. 22 Feb, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-1-102.php The relationship between surgery induced Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) later has been a debatable question. Volatile anesthetics represent a potential environmental factor that can change the CNS both acutely and long-term. 03 Jan, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/AADC-1-101.php Background: Amisulpiride is an atypical antipsychotic used extensively in Schizophrenia and related disorders. The current study explored the safety and tolerability of amisulpride in refractory patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), especially in agitation and/or aggression.