https://www.medsciencegroup.us/journals/annals-of-cytology-and-pathology A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 31 Dec, 2025 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-10-133.php Background: Robotic-assisted bronchoscopy using the Ion™ Endoluminal Platform (ION) has emerged as a promising tool for diagnosing peripheral lung lesions. However, the comparative diagnostic performance of fine needle aspiration (FNA), surgical biopsy (SB), and their combination within this context remains underexplored. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 412 cases of ION-guided transbronchial FNA, and SB performed at a single institution between September 2020 and December 2022. Diagnostic yield, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated for FNA, SB, and combined FNA+SB approaches. Additionally, we evaluated the diagnostic contribution of rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) and frozen section (FS) in 198 cases. Results: The combined FNA+SB approach demonstrated the highest diagnostic yield (76%) and definitive diagnosis rate (67%), outperforming FNA (54%) and SB (70%) alone. Our combined approach diagnosed 81% of malignant lesions, aligning with findings from the TARGET trial. Smaller lesion size was significantly associated with non-diagnostic outcomes (p &lt; 0.0001). ROSE showed limited standalone diagnostic value, with a high non-diagnostic rate and minimal added benefit when combined with FS. Conclusion: The combination of FNA and SB provides superior diagnostic performance in ION-guided bronchoscopy and should be considered the preferred strategy when feasible. Although ROSE may offer morphological insights in select intraoperative scenarios, its routine use alongside FS may not be justified. A multimodal diagnostic approach enhances accuracy and supports optimal clinical decision-making in lung cancer care. Key points Benign lesions were more likely to yield non-diagnostic results, especially when the lesion size was small. Malignant lesions were more accurately diagnosed using combined FNA and SB. Multimodal sampling during robotic bronchoscopy enhances diagnostic confidence and reduces non-diagnostic outcomes. 13 Jul, 2024 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-9-132.php Reactive B cell-rich lymphoid proliferation is a heterogeneous group of non-neoplastic lymphoid cell proliferation recapitulating diverse B cell lymphomas. The lesion is commonly categorized as nodal and extra-nodal follicular proliferations, nodal and extra-nodal nodular proliferations or nodal and extra-nodal immunoblastic proliferations. Florid follicular hyperplasia is comprised of quantifiably enhanced, disseminated primary and secondary lymphoid follicles with irregular outlines. Hyperplastic Germinal Centres (GCs) are comprised of admixed centroblasts and centrocytes, reactive T cells, Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) and tingible body macrophages. Lymph node architecture depicts lymphoid follicles comprised of cells expressing B cell antigens wherein primary follicles are pre-eminently constituted of small lymphocytes BCL2+, BCL6- and CD10- immune reactivity. Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centre (PTGC) is constituted of singular or few enlarged lymphoid follicles of 4x to 5x magnitude wherein mantle zone cells display extensive invagination into adjacent germinal centres. Hyaline Vascular Castleman’s Disease (HVCD) delineates innumerable lymphoid follicles confined to the lymph node cortex and medulla or diverse extramedullary sites. 07 May, 2024 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-9-131.php The colon is an organ rich in collagen, while the liver is an organ deficient in collagen. The tissue microenvironment of the two organs differs significantly, but the incidence of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer is high. Besides vascular drainage factors, the changes in collagen occurring in the liver during the process of colorectal cancer liver metastasis are also very important. This article aims to discuss the characteristics of collagen changes in the premetastatic stage, liver colonization, and intrahepatic metastasis process of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. 14 Feb, 2024 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-9-130.php Our research focused on the selection of already known markers, as well as the search for other informative markers based on data made publicly available on the GEO NCBI platform (genome-wide DNA methylation projects using the Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChip (Illumina ©)). The main objective of the study was to demonstrate that the accuracy of determining the biological age of a person in the presence of chronic diseases using linear-dependent methylation markers is comparable to the accuracy of determining the biological age of a healthy person. Criminologists, as a rule, do not have information about the chronic diseases of a person who has left a biological trace at the scene (blood, for example). However, the lack of this information, as we have shown for some diseases, does not play a critical role in the precise determination of biological age. Additionally, an obstacle was removed when transferring the information content of markers from Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChip chips to SNaPshot technology. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 236 Belarusians, for whom the methylation profile for 7 Cpg markers is presented. It is shown that the information content of markers is preserved Our analysis shows the possibility of creating a universal test system for predicting biological age according to marker methylation. The system can be used in the work of most criminalists in the world with the same task. 23 Sep, 2023 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-8-129.php Common bean root rot caused by different fungal pathogens is an important disease affecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production and productivity. In Ethiopia, this disease has become one of the most destructive biotic constraints to common bean production. Information on common bean root rot disease management is lacking for the Ethiopian common bean production system in general and West Hararghe in particular. Therefore, in the 2018 main cropping season, a field experiment was performed on 19 common bean varieties in two research fields, the ‘Bareda and Oda Baso’ farmers’ training centers. The experiment was designed to evaluate the level of resistance of a common bean genotype against root rot complex pathogens under natural conditions using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) design with three replications. The levels of resistance were evaluated based on seedling emergence, disease incidence, and severity in parallel with grain yield data and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the laboratory results, four pathogenic fungi, namely, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Phaseoli (F. o. f. sp. Phaseoli), Rhizoctonia solani (R. soni), Sclerotium rolfsii (S. rolfsii), and Macrophomina phaseolina (M. phaseolina), a Nematode sp., and stem maggot insect were identified. The combined analysis of variance showed very highly significant variation at (p &lt; 0.0001) across the location. There was also very highly significant variation (p &lt; 0.0001) among treatments except for seedling emergence, incidence, and severity, which were highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). From the experiment, seven common bean varieties (Kufanzik, Roba, Hirna, SeR-125, Cranscope, Tinike, Awash-1) that showed resistance characteristics and two susceptible varieties (Choire and Argane) were selected and recommended. 19 Jul, 2023 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-8-128.php Background: Cytological screening with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) triage for equivocal results has been the routine screening procedure for cervical cancer for years worldwide. The dual-marker stain p16/Ki67 (CINtec PLUS) has been shown to offer high sensitivity and specificity in the triage of women at risk of developing HPV-related precancerous lesions. We evaluated the utility of CINtec PLUS in women with normal cytology and a positive HPV test, to see if this test can be used as a prognostic biomarker.   Methods: Women of 18 years or older were assembled between January 2018 and December 2022 at two different study sites. These were cytology negative for intra-epithelial Neoplasia (NILM) and a positive HPV test. The prognostic value of the CINtec PLUS test for NILM samples and the confounding effect of HPV subtype, age, university, and follow-up stage were evaluated.   Results: CINtec PLUS was positive in 63 out of 312 (20%) NILM/ HPV-positive cases. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of CINtec PLUS was 92% for high-grade dysplastic lesion (HSIL), 64% for NILM, and 31% for low-grade dysplasia. The negative predictive value was 83% for HSIL, 64% for NILM, and 83% for low-grade dysplasia.   Conclusion: Adding CINtec PLUS with NILM cytology and HPV-positive test can be an important prognostic tool to identify women at risk for a high-grade dysplastic cervical lesion. Importantly, the test can also be used in primary HPV screening programs. However, women with low-grade dysplasia remain at risk for over- and under-treatment.   08 Apr, 2023 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-8-127.php Colloid carcinoma pancreas is an infiltrative ductal epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas characteristically denominating a preponderant (> 80%) component of enlarged pools of extracellular stromal mucin pervaded with suspended neoplastic cells. Colloid carcinoma pancreas is a microsatellite stable tumefaction and exhibits KRAS genetic mutation confined to codon 12. Tumefaction is posited to arise from the inverse polarization of cells with stromal mucin glycoproteins facing the intrinsic cellular surface. Cogent clinical symptoms such as abdominal or epigastric pain, pancreatitis, diarrhoea, hyperbilirubinemia or loss of weight are discerned. Tumefaction emerges as an enlarged, well-demarcated lesion with a mean diameter of 5 centimetres and a solid, firm, gelatinous cut surface. Neoplasm is predominantly comprised of enlarged, extracellular accumulates of stromal mucin with minimal carcinoma cells suspended within extra-cellular mucin pools. Cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells configure cribriform or stellate cellular clusters or miniature tubules and strips of columnar cells along with signet ring cells. 10 Mar, 2022 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-7-126.php Background: The assessment of small foci of atypical glands in prostatic needle biopsy specimens is a key diagnostic challenge in routine histopathology for pathologists. Due to the presence of mimickers of prostate carcinoma, at times making a definitive diagnosis becomes difficult. The use of immunomarkers like α‑Methyl Acyl Co A Racemase (AMACR), p63 and High Molecular Weight Cytokeratin (HMWCK/34betaE12) has made it easier for us to reach the diagnosis in such cases. Material and methods: All the cases which were received in the Department of Pathology, JNMCH, AMU from January 2015 to December 2018 were categorized into four histomorphologic groups on the basis of histopathology, and immunohistochemistry was applied on all the cases which were rendered ‘suspicious’ on histomorphology. Result: One hundred twenty-one prostatic specimens were received. Out of which, 13 biopsies were found to be inadequate for analysis and hence were not included in the study. Out of the rest 108 cases, (1) 52 were benign, (2) 19 were premalignant, (3) 25 were carcinoma and (4) 12 were signed as ‘suspicious’ on histopathology. These 12 suspicious cases were true cut needle biopsies which were considered appropriate for applying immunomarkers along with control cases. Out of 12 suspicious cases, 8 cases (66.7%) were negative and 3 cases (25%) were weakly positive for p63, 1 case showed moderate immunostaining. HMWCK was completely negative in 7 cases (58.33%), 3 cases (25%) showed weak positivity, 1 case showed moderate and 1 case showed strong positivity. While 5 cases (41.67%) were negative and 7 cases (58.33%) were positive for AMACR mostly showing moderate to strong positivity Conclusion: The application of immunomarkers helped us to reach a definite diagnosis in 10 out of 12 cases, which were otherwise difficult to classify. Judicious use of immunomarkers can help in differentiating mimickers of prostate carcinoma from true cancer cases and assist in reaching a definitive diagnosis. 09 Feb, 2022 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-7-125.php We designed and developed a management guide wheel for cervical cancer to facilitate a standard approach and improve the quality of care in managing patients diagnosed with different stages of cervical cancer. Each step of the wheel considers the patient’s current medical condition, FIGO stage, and the possible treatment modalities for cervical cancer in her case. We reviewed existing international guidelines on the management of cervical cancer and compared their respective recommendations. This guide wheel is based on recommendations by the following organizations: the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO), the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the British Gynaecological Cancer Society (BGCS) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). 19 Jan, 2022 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-7-124.php Ismail’s Cancer Vulva Management Guidewheel is designed to enable physicians to refer to a quick and comprehensive reference to recommendations on the management of vulvar cancer at various stages. The wheel consists of patient characteristics, including the FIGO stage and the possible treatment modalities available along with alternatives. We compared guidelines on the management of vulvar cancer by international health organizations including the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO), the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR), the British Gynaecological Cancer Society (BGCS), the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), the Japanese Society of Gynecologic Oncology (JSGO), the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Their respective recommendations have been compared and carefully integrated on the guidewheel. 29 Jun, 2021 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-6-123.php Aim: CD34 is an antigen found in hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial cells. Anti-CD34 antibody is a highly sensitive marker for neovascularisation and has also been studied as a marker for vascular tumours. However, there are few studies relating it to cervical carcinoma. The aim of our study is to evaluate the CD34 expression as a marker of angiogenesis in cervical cancer and to correlate the microvessel count and Microvessel Density (MVD) with histopathological type and grade of tumour and lymph node metastasis. Method: Total 75 malignant cases (65 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 10 cases of adenocarcinoma) were stained with anti CD34 antibody to highlight the blood vessels. In each case, areas of highest neo-vascularization were identified using scanner lens. Blood vessels were counted in 10 microscopic fields at 400X magnification. Average number of non-canalized micro-vessels count per field was calculated (MVD). Result: The total number of microvessels stained per case ranged from 54 to 216. No statistically significant differences were observed for MVD with respect to the age of patient and histological type of carcinoma (p > 0.05). The mean vascular density in differentiated carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma, was 10.56 and 14.14 respectively. This clearly shows that the distribution of microvessels was higher among undifferentiated carcinomas, as compared to differentiated carcinoma (p < 0> 0.05). Conclusion: CD 34 can be used as a novel marker for estimation of MVD in cervical cancer, however further studies are required on large group of patients to establish its role as a therapeutic target against angiogenesis. 25 Jan, 2021 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-6-122.php Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and unfortunately up to 80% of patients amongst newly diagnosed are inoperable therefore the cytological sample is often the only material available for diagnosis and assessment of molecular characteristics driving the treatment. Recently immunotherapy has shown promising results in tumors expressing Program Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1). The expression of PDL1 can routinely be detected by immunohistochemistry. However, the presence of several antibodies with different cut-off and the expression of this marker by normal immune cells are generating confusion in interpretation and the need for harmonization amongst pathologists. Materials and methods: We assessed the suitability of 74 consecutive cell blocks from cytology samples for PDL1 testing and evaluate the concordance between two different antibodies (Ventana assay SP263 and Dako 223C pharmDx assay) and amongst different pathologists from two different tertiary referral center for thoracic pathology. The degree of agreement was measured by Fleiss K statistic (FKS) for categorical scores after dichotomization based on specified cutoffs. A review of discordant cases was also performed. Results: Review of the slides stained with both antibodies showed substantial agreement within our department and moderate agreement with results from the other institution. Overall less than 10% of cases were deemed inadequate. Discordant cases showed a decreased amount of tumor cells, therefore, tumor heterogeneity could be responsible for the variation in the reading. Conclusions: Our results show overall concordance between the two antibodies and the suitability of cytology material for PDL-1 testing. 23 Oct, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-121.php The global terror instigated by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cannot be underestimated and the need for drastic measures towards its control cannot be overemphasized. Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following attachment of the virus to specific receptors in the body. The distribution of these specialized receptors in various organs and tissues of the body is responsible for the various clinical presentations associated with the disease after infection. Despite the higher risk of spread of the infection, autopsies have been carried out though with maximum precautionary measures and information provided to further elucidate the extent of damages caused by the disease. Pathologic mechanisms leading to death from COVID-19 include respiratory failure due to surfactant deficiency and consequent alveolar collapse, cardiac syncope from direct damage to cardiac muscles, peripheral paralysis, cytokine storm and excessive haemorrhage from impaired coagulation. In patients that recover, potential outcomes which could be short- and/or long-term have been recognized. As a means to develop effective control, eradication and prevention strategies, a proper understanding of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection will fully ensure a positive breakthrough. Hence, in this article, the pathologic basis of COVID-19 are provided based on extensive literature searches, and proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, autopsy findings and sequelae are being described. 14 Sep, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-120.php The current limitations of cancer diagnosis and molecular profiling based on invasive tissue biopsies or clinical imaging have led to the development of the Liquid Biopsy field (LB), includes the isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), circulating free or tumor DNA (cfDNA or ctDNA), Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), and Tumor-Educated Platelets (TEPs) from body fluid samples and their molecular characterization to identify biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic prediction, and follow-up. As cancers grow, evolve, and spread, they shed circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as well as other tumor-associated cells and products, into the bloodstream. Capturing and analyzing CTCs or other tumor-associated cells and products from a patient’s blood sample can provide insight into particular cancer’s biology, response to treatment, and/ or potential therapeutic targets. CTCs are heterogeneous; a pressing question concerns which CTCs represent those directly involved in metastasis, the major cause of cancer-related death. The aim of this review, is to describe the biological principles underlying the Liquid Biopsy (LB) concept and to discuss how functional studies can expand the clinical applications of these circulating biomarkers. 30 Jun, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-119.php Malignant transformation of the normal somatic cells into tumorous ones can be assisted by the very difference in their nature agents and factors: penetrating radiation of different nature, numerous chemical substances, some oncogenic and infectious viruses, some toxins, pharmacological agents, some kind of irritation and some non-carcinogenic substance. Probably, the above-numerated agents and factors start up some a common mechanism of the conversion of normal cells into transformed state. As shown, carcinogenic potencies of some fatty acids, carbohydrates, and even distilled water and saline may be explained from the standpoint of karyogamic theory of carcinogenesis. All above-mentioned substances may induce perforations of different volume of plasma membranes of somatic cells. This may premise for cells’ fusion process. In result of perforations, total negative charge of plasma membranes decrease, and the somatic cells acquire the capability of contacts with each other, which upon coincidence of the perforated sites of these organoids, may serve as a prerequisite to fusion process. 22 Jun, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-118.php Micronucleus is small chromatin extranuclear bodies when chromosomes or chromosomal fragments are not included in the nucleus during cell division. Micronucleus formation usually serves as a sensible indicator of genotoxic damage and also a morphological marker of chromosomal instability. Genomic damage is crucial for the development of degenerative diseases, including cancer. MN assay is a reliable and applicable method on many cell types such as erythrocytes, leucocytes and epithelial cells and it represents an important tool for evaluating DNA damage and defects in mitosis. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current status of the micronuclei scoring in exfoliated epithelial cells and to highlight the importance of this procedure. 12 Jun, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-117.php A dye or stain is capable of penetrating the living cells or tissues and not inducing immediate degenerative changes. Vital stain means a stain that can be applied on a living cells without killing them. 14 May, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-116.php Unfortunately, uterine leiomyosarcoma still has a poor prognosis. The National Cancer Institute reported that the median overall survival (mOS) at stage I to stage IV of leiomyosarcoma was 31 months. 04 May, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-115.php The current definition of cancer is the creation of atypical cells capable to rapidly grow beyond the normal boundaries and spread to distant organs. To do so tumour cells have to acquire to the ability to proliferate continuously and avoid apoptosis. 21 Apr, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-114.php Background: Mitotically active fibrothecoma associated with sclerosing peritonitis is an enigmatic and rare condition, described by Clement et al. in 1994, with fewer than 50 pathologically characterized cases. Association of these two lesions is extremely rare and the etiology currently remains unclear; therefore, association with anti-epileptic drugs was suggested. Case presentation: We report the case of young female, with history of epilepsy, presented with acute severe abdomenal pain. Ultrasound revealed a 20 cm mass, possibly arised from ovary, which was associated with septate ascites. The microscopic examination of the mass showed a morphology fibrothecoma with areas of oedema and high mitotique index but without severe atypia. 20 Mar, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-113.php Introduction: Fibroadenomas (FAs) are the most common benign tumors in the breast. Described as a biphasic stromal and epithelial lesion, it is usually stable and clinically well managed. Although the cytokeratins (CKs) distribution among ductal cells is well described in carcinomas and normal breast tissue, in FAs the differentiation and distribution of epithelium CK profile is scarcely known. Objectives: To analyze the immunoexpression of the cytokeratin profile &#40;5, 7, 14, 18 and 20&#41;; to evaluate whether the CK5+ and CK14+ cells (progenitor cell markers) population is preserved and comparable to normal breast tissue. 12 Mar, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-112.php A Management Guideline Wheel for Abnormal Cervical Pap Smears and related Cervical Pathology has been designed and developed to facilitate a standard and improve the quality of care in management of abnormal cervical cytology, precancerous lesions and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Each step of the wheel takes into account the context of the patient’s medical condition, which include past medical/surgical history, patient compliance, patient awareness regarding the screening process, and the availability of treatment modalities for precancerous cervical lesions. 09 Mar, 2020 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-5-111.php This is a comparison review article of the various guidelines that currently exist for cervical cancer screening. The guidelines used for comparison include the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), American College of Physicians (ACP), American Cancer Society/American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology/American Society for Clinical Pathology (ACS/ASCCP/ASCP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, Singapore guidelines, National Health Service (NHS) Guidelines, 09 Aug, 2018 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-2-110.php Background: activation of cancer stem cells and disturbances in cell adhesion pathways are recently incriminated in endometrioid carcinoma progression, invasion and metastases which consequently leads to dismal patients outcome. Sex-determining region y (SRY)-Box2 (SOX2) is a member of SOX family and it has many roles in malignant stem cells control. L1-cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is a membrane glycoprotein which is a member of immunoglobulin family. 15 Sep, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-109.php Obstructive jaundice is an extremely rare presentation of abdominal tubercular lymphadenitis. We hereby report a case of obstructive jaundice in an adult female, occurring as a result of periportal and peripancreatic tubercular lymphadenitis causing compression of the biliary tract. 26 Aug, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-108.php Objective: In order to study the status and the expression of Cbl-b onco-protein in gastric carcinoma we underwent an immunohistochemical protocol by which we analyzed the immuno-distribution as well as the level of Cbl-b expression on gastric cancerous tissues. 15 Jul, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-107.php In humans, as in all forms of multicellular life, tissue regeneration is a physiological process of cell renewal necessary for the survival of the organism. 03 Jun, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-106.php Introduction: Male infertility is evaluated throughout the quantitative and qualitative analysis of male's semen and the sperm contained therein. One of the most essential part of this process is the evaluation of the cytomorphology of man's semen. 10 Mar, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-105.php In our era, biobanks ensure preservation of specimens' quality in short or long time storage. For each type of material and for each kind of organism, there is a specific preservation protocol. Actually, the efforts of single scientists or Institutions are not sufficient for research, especially in rare diseases field. The building of network that join together biobanks, research institutes, universities, pharmaceutical companies and patients' associations answers to research's needs. 02 Mar, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-104.php Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various body organs. Glycosylated haemoglobin (GHbA1c) is a significant biochemical marker in patients with DM which provides an estimation of long-term average glycaemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between fasting serum glucose (GLU) level and GHbA1c in DM patients and healthy controls, to evaluate the differences between male and female patients and to evaluate the correlation between estimated Average Glucose (eAG) and GLU. 28 Feb, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-103.php Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and a leading cause of death due to cancer, in female population worldwide. Prevention is performed via the Papanicolaou test. Since 90ies, this test can be performed via two methods: the conventional method, where cells are layered on a glass slide, immediately after their extraction and Liquid Based Cytology (LBC), where cells are stored in a vial containing a special liquid. 28 Jan, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-102.php Bone is metabolically active organ where 10% of it is normally and constantly replaced. Bone constitutes the trabecular or spongy bone (25%) and cortical or compact bone (75%). 03 Jan, 2016 https://www.medsciencegroup.us/articles/ACP-1-101.php Diabetes mellitus is a very common disease that affects a large number of people in the world and whose treatment is very expensive, also due to its complications. Diabetes is associated with many complications and among them the formation of diabetic foot ulcers is a serious problem. Regenerative medicine, defined as a field that can repair, regenerate or replace cells or tissue, can have a very important role in the treatment of this pathology.