https://www.organscigroup.us/journals/archives-of-hepatitis-research A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 13 Aug, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-10-136.php Background: Dolicocolon is an elongation of the colon at the level of any segment, but since it is uncommon, it does not have extensive literature. Case presentation: A 68-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting, with no other symptoms found. With the help of imaging tests, bowel obstruction was detected due to sigmoid dolichocolon. Conclusion: The case we describe is relevant as it is a rare clinical entity, such as dolichocolon which is associated with bowel obstruction, which is considered a risk factor for its development. 11 Jul, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-9-135.php Background: Chronic Viral Hepatitis (CVH) is the most common cause of hepatocellular cancer and cirrhosis related to liver fibrosis. The gold standard in the diagnosis of fibrosis is liver biopsy. TGF β1 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and fibrosis. The results of studies investigating the relationship between TGF β1 and histopathological findings are controversial. We aimed to investigate the relationship between TGF β1 and histopathological findings. Methods: Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) and C (CHC), Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), inactive HBsAg carriers, patients with cirrhosis and healthy control cases presenting to the Gastroenterology Clinic of Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital between 2009-2010 were included in the study. Laboratory tests, HCV RNA, HBV DNA, viral load, and viral markers (such as HBsAg, anti-HCV) were determined. Biopsies were performed on patients with hepatitis B and C, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Histologic features were defined as Histologic Activity Index (HAI) and fibrosis stage (Knodell’s scoring). TGF β1 was evaluated by the ELISA method. Results: 267 cases including 44 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cases [27 female (57%)], 38 inactive HBsAg carriers [23 female (60%)], 48 patients with chronic hepatitis B [17 female (35%)], 27 chronic hepatitis C [14 female (60%)], 15 decompensated cirrhosis [3 female (20%)] and 94 healthy control cases were included in the study. Compared with healthy controls, all other subgroups had significantly elevated TGF β1 levels. TGF β1 was found to have a specificity of 93.6% and a sensitivity of 88.9% (AUC: 0.948, 95% CI: 0.916-0.981) in determining liver diseases. TGF β1 had a positive correlation with fibrosis and histological activity index in patients with CHB and CHC. There was a negative correlation between TGF β1 and HBV DNA and HCV RNA. TGF β1 had a significant correlation with LDL and total cholesterol in cases with CHB and CHC. Conclusion: TGF β1 is correlated with both HAI and fibrosis in patients with CHB and CHC. TGF β1 might have a role in the prognostic significance of elevated LDL levels and low viral load in patients with CHC. 30 Jan, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-9-134.php The review presents current data on the role of viral hepatitis B in oncohematological patients. Possible ways of infection, prevention of infection, and activation of hepatitis B in this category of patients are considered. The specific features of the course of hepatitis B in various clinical situations are described: against the background of other viral infections and in the conduct of specific anti-leukemia therapy. 27 Sep, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-8-133.php In the search for the treatment of hepatic diseases, multiple approaches have been used frequently such as bioinformatics and algorithm-based systems biology for the screening of already published data that leads to the identification of promising drug candidates at molecular levels. These studies provide a large data set of information and claim to identify many genes, which could be targeted for the cure. However, it is important to note that the identified compounds are only predictions and the potential of these suggested molecules or genes should be well confirmed by adopting robust and critical experimental approaches to satisfy all possible aspects to use them safely for therapeutic purposes. Therefore, I put forward the opinion that these predicted markers whether prognostic, diagnostic, or molecular must be evaluated critically through a well-defined experimental pipeline. 18 Feb, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-8-132.php Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of Hepatitis E infections across the world. Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) or Intrinsically Disordered Protein (IDPs) are regions or proteins that are characterized by a lack of definite structure. These regions or proteins play significant roles in a wide range of biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, control of signaling pathways, etc. IDPRs or IDPs in proteins are associated with the virus’s pathogenicity and infectivity. The occurrence of intrinsic disorder in the proteome of rat HEV remains to be elucidated, which prompted us to explore its dark proteome. In this study, the unstructured/disordered regions of ORF proteins of rat HEV have been examined. We have analyzed the prevalence of intrinsic disorder by using a set of computational predictors. The intrinsic disorder propensity analysis showed that the ORF proteins consisted of a varying fraction of intrinsic disorder. The ORF3 protein was identified with a maximum propensity for intrinsic disorder while the protein ORF6 showed the least propensity for the intrinsic disorder. Further, the analysis revealed ORF6 as highly structured protein (ORDP); ORF1 and ORF4 as moderately disordered proteins (IDPRs); and ORF3 and ORF5 as highly disordered proteins, categorizing them as ordered protein (ORDP), a protein having Intrinsically Disordered Region (IDPR) and Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDP) respectively. Such disordered regions may play several important roles in the pathogenesis and replication of viruses. Collectively, this comprehensive study data from our investigation suggested ORF protein’s role in the regulation and pathogenesis of rat herpesvirus. 11 Feb, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-8-131.php Introduction: The HBV virus has its enveloped protein that surrounds nucleic acid for its protection. Hepatitis B DNA virus belongs to the Hepadnoviridae family and is similar to retroviruses. Globally, HBV infected people approximately 2 billion in the world, about 350 million people were chronic carriers. One million deaths are caused by the HBV virus every year. Each year, 400,000 new cases were reported in Latin America. Among all over the World, Pakistan was considered as one of the largest chronic viral hepatitis infection countries. Methodology: 975 samples were recoded from different districts of south Punjab. The sera of the patient’s sample were examined to analyze the LFTs, HBS serology, HBS ELIZA, anti-HBeAg, AFP, anti- HDV, HBC IgM, and HBV DNA EAL TIME PCR. An anticoagulant sample was used to analyze their prothrombin time, HB level, WBC count, PLT counts, and HBA1C. Data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS version 14.0. Results: 975 samples were collected from the Multan district of Punjab. Out of which 638(65.43%) patients were detected positive for HBsAg serology, 312(32.84%) were not detected. The HBA1C test values are higher in HBV patients and its normal value is below 6.4%. In 1st group 258 patients out of 638 are HBV PCR DETECTED, bilirubin 2.1+-5.7, ALP 425.1±575.1, AST 119.6±102.6, ALT 62.0±41.6, and albumin 3.5±0.9. in the 2nd group, 149 patients out of 638 are HBV PCR detected, bilirubin 1.4±1.9, ALP 488.1±339.2, AST 143.0±117.4, ALT 78.1±53.4, and albumin 4.4±0.6. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV in diabetic patients is higher as compared to control diabetic patients. the patients with high serum AFP levels tend to be HBs-Ag-positive, and those who have low AFP levels are associated with cryptogenic cirrhosis. The positive HBc IgM is higher in anti-HDV-negative cases as compared to HDV-positive cases. The value of HBV DNA was higher in anti-HDV-negative cases. The HBsAg correlates with HBV DNA level and it’s a level higher in the IT phase and lowers in the IC phase. 10 Apr, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-7-130.php The present study corroborates the annual average economic burden of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and socio-economic factors concerning awareness of HCV in Pakistan. The data of 100 patients collected via conducting interviews/questionnaire from different hospitals to gauge the direct/indirect pecuniary costs of HCV infection. Bottom up approach, Human capital approach and Tobit model were applied to compute the costs and determinants of HCV and its awareness. Results demonstrate that annual average economic burden was 1379.2734 USD. The knowledge/awareness status is vulnerable implying that most of the population has limited knowledge about HCV. Poverty and low levels of schooling years are amidst the main causes of low awareness vis-a-vis HCV and their cures, ceteris paribus. Income, education and test screening have positive impact on knowledge score of HCV. The findings imply for promotion of awareness campaigns and development of diagnostic centers to increase the knowledge score and early diagnostic of HCV. 05 Mar, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-7-129.php Background: Hepatitis B is an infection caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), which is enveloped DNA virus that infects the liver, and the common complications are; cirrhosis, liver cancer and rest of organs failure. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 234 pregnant women attending antenatal Clinic in Rubkona primary Health care center in Rubkona County, South Sudan from March 1 to July 29. Data were collected using pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. Blood was withdrawn from each study participants and used to detect hepatitis B surface Antigen using an enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay test kit. Bivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify the predictors associated with HBV infection. All variables with p-value of ≤ 0.25 in bivariate logistic regression were taken into multivariable model. Variables having p value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariate analysis were taken as significant predictors. Objectives: To assess the sero-prevalence Hepatitis B surface antigen and its associated factors among pregnant women attending Rubkona Primary Health Care Centre (South Sudan). Result: The overall Sero-prevalence of HBV infection was, 16 (6.8%), 95% CI; 3.8-10.3). Having history jaundice AOR= 10.91:95%CI (2.6-45.2)], abortion history, [AOR= 5.5: 95%CI (1.5-23.5)] and history multiple sexual partner [(AOR= 9.5:95%CI (2.3-39.7)]. Were found to be associated factors of sero-prevalence of HBV infection. Conclusion: Hepatitis B is identified to be a major health problem in this community. According to WHO classification, the prevalence of HBV infection in this study area can be categorized as moderate prevalence (2–7%). Abortion and history multiple sexual partners found to be the risk factor associated with HBV infection. 28 Jan, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-7-128.php Background: Irreversible hepatic fibrosis, an excessive production and accumulation of extra cellular matrix by hepatic stellate cells in the liver, becomes a remarkable economic burden in global health care system.Low therapeutic efficacy and undesirable systemic effect of conventional therapies limit their clinical applications to targethepatic stellate cells. Method: Surface engineered lipid nano-particle becomes a potential candidate to deliver anti-fibrotic nutrients or Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of fibrogenic genes for treating hepatic disorders. Conclusion: This mini review focuses on different strategies of surface engineered organic lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis by targeting specific and un-specific Hepatic Stellate Cells (HSCs). 12 Dec, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-6-127.php Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS -CoV-2) outbreak is a significant public health threat since December 2019. Lung is the most common organ involved by COVID 19 followed by gastrointestinal tract and liver. This review article discusses hepatic involvement and monitoring in this outbreak. Methods: Recently published studies from PubMed, Red Cross, and Copernicus were reviewed to prepare this review article. Conclusions: Hepatic involvement is common in COVID 19 infection and it is the second most common organ involved after lung. Most of the hepatic involvements are mild and self limiting. However close monitoring is required. 20 Jun, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-6-126.php Viral hepatitis is a cause for major health care burden in India and is recently equated as a threat comparable to the “big three” communicable diseases – HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis. Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis E virus are predominantly enterically transmitted pathogens and are responsible to cause both sporadic infections and epidemics of acute viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus are predominantly spread via parenteral route and are notorious to cause chronic hepatitis which can lead to grave complications including cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. 26 May, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-6-125.php Celiac disease which is an autoimmune enteropathy has a well recognized association with type I diabetes in about 3.5 to 10% of patients [1] 07 Dec, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-5-124.php Bilomas are localized collections of bile which usually happen post-operatively from an injured cystic or bile duct and most of the biloma collections are in the sub hepatic space. 27 Nov, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-5-123.php Background: Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, characterized with signifi cant morbidity and mortality, have always been worldwide health care problems. 26 Jul, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-5-122.php Introduction: The prevalence of occult hepatitis B, defi ned by absence of HBsAg and HBV DNA, ranges widely in patients with hepatitis C. This may infl uence the treatment of hepatitis C and the severity of liver disease 29 Apr, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-5-121.php Background: Quantification of the viral burden is an important laboratory tool in the management of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients. However, widespread use of assays is still hampered by the high cost. Treatment reduces viral load to undetectable levels. HBV infected patients tend to have high HBV DNA levels, and severe liver disease. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the pattern of HBV viral load levels of patients in Jharkhand. 13 Mar, 2019 Hepatitis B virus causes acute and chronic inflammation of liver which may leads to hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and death. Chronic hepatitis B is usually accompanied by the presence of detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the blood for greater than 6 months. The presence of hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) is related to higher rates of viral replication leading to more infection. Objective: Currently vaccination for prevention of hepatitis B is present and its treatment includes pegylated interferon α, lamivudine, telbivudine and entecavir (nucleoside analogues) and adefovir (nucleotide analogues). This treatment is partially effective and has signifi­cant dose dependent side effects and resistance after long term use. Hence, there is a need to develop new more safe and potent agents against hepatitis B from medicinal plants. This review illustrates the description of medicinal plants, family, their active ingredients, parts and extracts used to treat hepatitis B by their mechanisms. The pharmaceutical companies are striving to discover appropriate alternative and natural inhibitors of targeting different steps of HBV life cycle, because single plant contains an invaluable number of active ingredients which could help in the manufacture of pharmaceutical grade proteins and has wide spectrum of antiviral activity. However, information of antiviral activity of plants is still inadequate. 25 Oct, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-4-119.php Background: The harm of liver cirrhosis (LC) is serious, and the development of LC is primarily resulted from chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) in high-risk such as China and Africa and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in developed areas such as United States. Currently, there were 360 million chronic HBV-infected people on a global scale, and 30 million chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in China. In general, cytokines can regulate immune responses or contribute to deleterious tissue injury. However, the effects of these cytokines reported were controversial. Therefore, we executed a meta-analysis evaluating whether these cytokines can change the development risk of LC. 20 Aug, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-4-118.php Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) is one of the greatest health disparities among Asian Americans. A team of volunteers in Southeast Michigan has studied HBV among Asian Americans in Michigan for 10 years. The study looked at prevalence of HBV among Asian Americans in Michigan, and the effectiveness of programs that included screening, vaccination and patient navigation. 26 Sep, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-117.php A review on different vitamin K1-3 effects on hepatocellular cancer and their tumour cell biology mechanism indicate possible synergistic treatment strategies. 21 Jun, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-116.php Background: Histological findings of the liver in acute liver injury are basically affected by degree of liver damage. However, the differences in liver histology between acute self-limiting hepatitis A (AH-A) and hepatitis E (AH-E) have not yet been clarified. This study aimed to clarify the differences in histological findings of the liver between AH-A and AH-E. 19 Jun, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-115.php Portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis may be due neoplastic growth invading portal vein or due to non-neoplastic causes. The indications for treating PVT in cirrhotic individuals are difficult to be established but at least are of great benefit in acute PVT. Investigating the cause of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patient prepared for splenectomy including virology and immune markers, AFP, triphasic CT. 12 Jun, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-114.php Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of fatty liver, characterized by the accumulation of fat in the hepatocytes in the absence of alcohol consumption. The spectrum of this disease ranges from steatosis to hepatitis and fi nally cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 29 May, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-113.php Entecavir (ETV) is an oral nucleoside analog inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase, which is widely used in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Despite the excellent safety data of this agent, the adverse events of headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting are recorded in the drug instruction of ETV.Here we report two CHB patients with ETV-associated constipation in whom symptom fully disappeared following ETV withdrawal. 18 May, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-112.php Severe cholestatic hepatitis is an uncommon presentation of either sarcoidosis or Hodgkin lymphoma. Sarcoidosis lymphoma syndrome is a rare disorder with sarcoidosis heralding the onset of lymphoma. Here we report a case of coexisting sarcoidosis-Hodgkin’s lymphoma syndrome presenting with severe cholestatic hepatitis. 31 Mar, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-111.php Until recently, the occurrence of Hepatitis E in the western hemisphere did not amount to a clinical concern, due to its benign and usually sub-clinical evolution, as opposed to Asiaand Africa, where large epidemies with high levels of lethality occur. 20 Mar, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-110.php Background: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is involved in neutrophil recruitment and may contribute to the progression from fatty liver to steatohepatitis. 07 Mar, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-109.php Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a globally important water and foodborne pathogen of acute and chronic hepatitis E [1,2]. HEV infection may be symptomatic or asymptomatic that has affected about one-third of world population with a case fatality rate of 1-2%, including 20-30% of infected pregnant women [3-5]. 30 Jan, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-108.php Introduction: Recent research has shown that microRNAs (miRNA) are emerging as important regulators of cellular differentiation. The miR-122 accounts for approximately 70% of all miRNAs in the liver so its presence in the serum is highly indicative of liver processes. 27 Jan, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-3-107.php The unintentional discovery of cirrhosis in a patient with prostate cancer lead us to enquire if some of the indexes/scored designed for the evaluation of liver fi brosis/cirrhosis, in Chronic Hepatitis C patients, could have helped us in the detection of incipient liver fi brosis, and its follow up, in this patient. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-2-106.php Background: Liver fibrosis is a critical factor for the treatment policy and its outcome in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although liver biopsy represents the gold standard for evaluating fibrosis, it remains an invasive procedure with inherent risks. 21 Nov, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-2-105.php Hepatitis B and C are considered as an important health hazard among health care workers (HCWs). These blood borne infections can be transmitted either from HCW to a patient or vice-versa. Both viruses are known to cause hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 30 Aug, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-2-104.php Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of NAFLD as well as the determination of associated metabolic abnormalities in Iranian blood donors. The aim of this study was to review cases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and to determine the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause of elevated alanine aminotransferase in healthy blood donors and also assess risk factors of NAFLD such as BMI and correlation with metabolic syndrome in these subjects 30 Dec, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-1-103.php Several new direct action antiviral drugs (DAA) against the HCV virus (HCV) are approved and marketed. The combination of DAA with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR) is only recommended to patients with tolerance to interferon (IFN). IFN-free treatments are now considered elective drugs for patients with chronic HCV. More than 90% of patients infected with HCV genotype 1 or 4 (fewer with other genotypes) show sustained virological response, when treated with sofosbuvir combined with simeprevir, daclatasvir or ledipasvir, or by the combination of paritaprevir with ritonavir, ombitasvir and dasabuvir, with or without ribavirin. 28 Dec, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-1-102.php Background: It has been shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene were associated with sustained viral response following standard treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between the SNPs near the IL28B gene and the response to the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. 28 Aug, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/AHR-1-101.php In the past decade, five oral nucleos(t)ide analogs and two formulations of pegylated interferon alpha have been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Due to low personal income and inadequate health care system, low-to-moderate genetic barrier antiviral drugs are still widely used in China, which brings increased suboptimal response, viral relapse and resistance in real-life clinical practice.