https://www.healthdisgroup.us/journals/archives-of-preventive-medicine A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 30 Sep, 2025 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-10-139.php Despite its eradication in 1970, southern Italy now confronts the limited but tangible prospect of malaria re-emergence, a concern shared by other warmer regions in Europe. The article discusses the rapidly changing climatic and societal conditions that are raising concerns about the potential resurgence of malaria in southern Europe, particularly in southern Italy. Malaria was endemic for millennia, and it was only in the second half of the 20th century that the disease was eradicated by disrupting the ecosystem of the Anopheles mosquito, which is the vector of the parasitic infection. This, combined with imported malaria cases and suitable environmental conditions, creates a significant risk for local transmission. As the conditions for re-emergence become increasingly favorable, and with the rise of resistance to antimalarial drugs in particular, are we prepared to counteract such a health crisis? The article discusses the primary risk factors of malaria re-emergence, with an emphasis on southern Italy, and suggests re-centering the debate around health professionals, rather than primarily on political actors. 02 Sep, 2025 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-10-138.php Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern, with India bearing a significant share of the burden. Among oral antidiabetic agents, metformin remains the first-line therapy due to its efficacy in lowering blood glucose, primarily by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving insulin sensitivity (Młynarska, n.d.) [1]. 06 Aug, 2025 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-10-137.php Background: Cancer is a major public health problem and remains one of the leading causes of death. Most patients turn to Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) when they are in the terminal stage and Conventional Medicine (CM) has not completely cured them. CAM majorly includes herbal medicine, spiritual therapy, and daily supplements, among many other things.  Methods: A total of 215 diagnosed cancer patients were assessed, amongst other things like age, literacy, income, etc., and also particularly any benefits and side effects of CAM, and whether they are still using CAM or not.  Results: A handful of 19 patients benefited from CAM amongst the 116 participants who were using CAM, while 43 of the CAM users reported side effects like ulcer and fistula formation, increased sweating, hematuria, acne, etc. Conclusion: Despite significant advances with CM, there is increasing use of CAM in the belief of a permanent cure, particularly amongst the terminally ill cancer patients. 24 Jun, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-9-136.php Headaches are widespread in Western Society; they affect approximately 50% of the adult population in the United States. Headaches can present with a variety of clinical and regional symptoms. Although a headache disorder classification system exists, clinical experience has identified various overlapping causes for headaches. It remains clinically challenging to identify the exact etiology causing headaches. For example, the underlying mechanism of cervicogenic headaches remains elusive, but the upper cervical spine plays a key role. Abnormal upper cervical movement patterns, in combination with muscular dysfunctions, are a possible contributing factor to headaches. The upper vertebral spinal nerves C0-C3 have been correlated with cervicogenic headaches. It has been established that biomechanical dysfunction of the upper cervical spine can contribute to neck pain. The atlas plays a key role in the biomechanical dysfunction in the upper cervical spine. Previously, it has been identified that the relative position of the atlas to the axis correlates with headaches. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that an extended contraction of the homolateral obliquus capitis inferior muscles can result in positional default rotation of the atlas. As managing headaches remains multimodal and challenging, there is enough evidence to support the inclusion of the upper cervical spine to normalize joint position, joint mobility, muscle tonicity, and upright positioning. When recognizing the “upper cervical syndrome” and addressing the functioning of the atlas, clinical outcomes will improve for those treating patients with headaches. 10 Jan, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-9-135.php The etiology of Gallstone Disease (GD) is multivariate and it involves genetics and environmental factors. Nutritional exposure is considered the main environmental influence that contributes to gallstone formation. The aim of this study was to assess the association between diet and GD. A nested case-control study based on a previous representative screening of asymptomatic subjects living in Rosario, Argentina, was carried out. Participants underwent a personal interview. Food and nutrient intake were estimated by applying a food-frequency questionnaire, a food photography atlas, and software for food composition. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted by potential confounders. A total of 120 patients, 51 cases and 69 controls, were studied. Statistically significant differences in average daily energy intake were found between cases and controls (p = 0.002). Total fats, chicken with skin, sausages, and cold cuts intakes were higher in the cases group. However, the control group was characterized by a statistically significant higher consumption of vegetables, fresh fruits, nuts, chicken without skin, and skimmed dairy products. Multiple logistic regression showed that GD risk diminished with red and yellow vegetables (OR = 0.037; p = 0,0004) and nuts consumption (OR = 0.201; p = 0.019). Instead, GD risk increases with total fats (OR = 7.959; ρ = 0.0205), fatty cattle meat (OR = 18.163; p = 0.0063), and chicken with skin consumption (OR: 10.595; p = 0.0050). Phosphorus consumption decreases GD risk (OR = 0.055; p = 0.0035). A number of meals also acted as a protective factor. Also, caloric intake was a risk factor. Each 100 kilocalories daily consumed; the risk increases by 12%. 08 Jan, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-9-134.php Aim: In this work, we try to determine the effect of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) on Turkish citizens’ anxiety levels and we try to investigate the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate among citizens. Moreover, the aforementioned two statistics are cross-correlated with each other. As final work, the reasons for the objection to the COVID-19 vaccine are observed. Method: The survey was conducted on October 5, 2020, the survey link for the research was made available for participation to all adults aged 18 and over throughout Turkey through various media channels and social media platforms (WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook). Data was collected via an online survey for 27 days, and the target sample was reached using the snowball method, concluding data collection on November 1, 2020. The survey data is analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) programs. Results: The mean age was 36.47 ± 12 years and 62% (1260) were women of the 2032 participants. COVID-19 vaccine behavior (COVID-B) was reported as 3.52 ± 1.0 (min 1, max5). 51.3% of the respondents were positive for the vaccination. 20.9% of the participants were completely positive for the vaccination. The most relevant (with 27.9%) reason for the hesitation is the safety of the vaccination. Furthermore, vaccine positivity was reported as proportional to the safety concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic (r = 236). Conclusion: The report shows us that the rate of anxiety due to COVID-19 is related to the education level, which states that social awareness of the pandemic increased with the education level. However, there is no significant relationship between education level and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. The most related factor to vaccine acceptance was the concern level of the people. We can say that the vaccine rate could be increased with knowledge of the pandemic. 25 Nov, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-8-133.php An 81-year-old female with Granulomatosis and polyangiitis on immunosuppression with methotrexate, steroids, and Rituximab but not on prophylaxis, developed a finding of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP). She was treated with an alternative regimen, clindamycin and primaquine along with caspofungin and corticosteroids. Secondary prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole was initiated after completion of treatment. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis, treatment difficulties, and the need for prophylaxis for HIV-negative patients on immunosuppressive treatment. 24 Oct, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-8-132.php Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that continues to account for increased morbidity and mortality among women. Anemia, maternal death, stillbirth, and low birth weight are complications associated with malaria in pregnancy. Adoption of recommended malaria control measures such as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) remains a problem among pregnant women in SSA. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for improving the uptake of IPT for malaria control among pregnant women in SSA. Methods: The MEDLINE, Pub-Med CINAHL, and African Journal Online databases were subjected to a systematic search for Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) for the review. The studies were screened for eligibility and evaluated for methodological quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The screening process was carried out by one reviewer to help reduce the amount of time and resources that would have been used by two reviewers. The narrative synthesis approach was adopted for data analysis and synthesis after extraction from selected studies. Results: A total of 1679 articles were found, and the comprehensive screening of the search results left a total of four RCT studies that were deemed eligible for inclusion in the review. All the included studies adopted two-arm comparisons, i.e., the control and intervention groups. The findings revealed that three studies evidently reported increased uptake of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-Sp) doses among pregnant women following community-based promotional activities. Conclusion: Our review revealed the effectiveness of community-based promotional activities as effective interventions for improving uptake and possibly compliance to intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) and antenatal attendance. This evidence and findings will guide policy-makers and health agencies in the SSA region to plan further interventions. 10 Jan, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-8-131.php This review discusses the validity of plasma non-cholesterol sterols precursors of cholesterol synthesis and phytosterols in the identification of human atherosclerosis. There is an insufficient demonstration that these sterols are valid methods of measurement of cholesterol metabolism. All markers, including cholestanol, that derive from cholesterol synthesis may only reflect body retention of sterols and not necessarily increased intestinal absorption. Also, in most studies, conventional risk factors of atherosclerosis, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, gender, and age were not taken into account. 26 Sep, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-7-130.php This brief review of a `hidden epidemic’ of neurological deaths in the Major Western Countries (MWC), based on statistically controlled in well-established studies [1,2] indicates that there is no recognized Preventative Medicine’ approach. 01 Jul, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-7-129.php It is known that the prevention of deficiency conditions in children is one of the most urgent tasks of preventive pediatrics. The importance of timely recommendations for optimizing the replenishment of microelements and vitamins is undeniable, and understanding the importance of using calcium and vitamin D supplements significantly reduces the risk of adverse health effects in childhood and later life. 25 Sep, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-6-128.php Background: The sudden increase in demand for blood transfusion globally without the corresponding increase in voluntary blood supply (donation) has become a serious health problem. Countries across the world are facing serious problem of blood scarcity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate the socio- cultural factors affecting voluntary blood donation in Akwa Ibom State. Methods: A survey research design was adopted for the study and was carried out from January to May 2017. Three hundred respondents were purposely selected for the study from the three Senatorial districts using simple random techniques. Data were collected, collated and analyzed into frequencies and percentages and were also presented in tables. Results: The findings of the study revealed that majority (91.5%) people have good knowledge of voluntary blood donation due to the level of awareness and also view the exercise as important even without reward (remuneration) from recipients despite the influence of some socio-cultural factors such as culture, religion among others. Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that socio-cultural barriers to voluntary blood donation still exist, thereby giving room for misconception. Therefore, there should be intensified health education using various methods including health workers, print media and community leaders on the benefit of voluntary blood donation. This will help to correct some misconceptions on blood donation as there are people who still believe in the dictates of their religious and cultural practices as it relates to blood donation and its attendant health implication. 02 Mar, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-6-127.php The novel coronavirus or the other name Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 among a group of patients that have the same symtoms of viral pneumonia. Due to the socio-economic factors in Zhuhai, Wuhan and globalization have also accelerated the spread of infectious diseases to the other parts of China and the world [1,2], The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared Covid-19 a public health emergency of international concern as of 1 February 2020 and epidemic as pandemic on 12 March 2020. The virus spreads very rapidly and globally, as of 25 February 2021, there have been more than 113 million confirmed cases of Covid-19, including more than 2.5 million deaths, reported to WHO. 07 Jan, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-6-126.php Establishing a causal relationship between noise level and the onset of high blood pressure is a controversial topic which has been debated for over forty years. This question may seem to some to be secondary, even insignificant, but the considerable number of studies on this issue confirm that is a public health problem that should not be overlooked. Indeed, noise is a ubiquitous nuisance and arterial hypertension a disease that endangers peoples’ lives. 31 Dec, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-125.php The suicide rates in the world have been growing in the past century [1] and the rates in the United States have rapidly increased by about 33%, from 10.5 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 14.0 in 2017 [2], regardless of prevention efforts with affluent funding [3]. On the other hand, the overall suicide rate in China has decreased from 23.0/100,000 in 1999 to 8.6/100,000 in 2017, marking a 63% drop over past two decades [4]. The most marked decrease has been observed in young women in rural areas under 35 years of age, whose suicide rate appears to have dropped by as much as 90% [4]. 30 Dec, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-124.php In December 2019, an outbreak of severe pneumonia of anonymous etiology was reported from Wuhan city, China. The Chinese health authorities rapidly determined the causative agent of the disease as a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) [1]. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) quickly widespread and becomes a major public health concern throughout the world. Growing evidences, including transmission of the infection among family members and infection of the hospital workers revealed the ability of the emerging virus to transmit continuously from human-to-human [1,2]. 26 Nov, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-123.php As 2020 nears an end, the Covid-19 pandemic has been deadlier in Brazil than in most other countries. The toll will likely cost 200,000 Brazilian lives before vaccines and other measures can turn the tide. The pandemic reveals a nation in the grip of a new era of epidemics. With anxious eyes we look ahead, but we should also look back. 05 Oct, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-122.php The covid-19 epidemic has evolved differently depending on the responses to it. This heterogeneity and changes in recommendations have blurred the messages facilitating the emergence of fake news and conspiracy theories. 25 Sep, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-121.php Time dependent changes in the number of cases of Covid-19, as well as deaths from the disease, are examined and compared to other population parameters including the magnitude of employment across the country. Associations are found that help to explain the tortuous course that the virus infection was able to cause in the U.S. 25 Sep, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-120.php The susceptibility of the SARS novel CoV-2 virus to environmental temperature has become recently known and suggests that freshly boiled steam or heated air at an appropriate temperature may be a useful prophylactic and mitigant in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. A laser thermometer was used to measure the temperature of a steam column as a function of height above boiling water to determine the conditions known to partially or fully inactivate viral infectivity. The rationale for the possible treatment is explained. An overview of virus properties, Covid-19, and the worldwide pandemic is presented. The percentage lethality in confirmed cases monitors aspects of the pandemic in the U.S. and the world. The world lethality and overall U.S. lethality are approximately 4.2-4.4% as of July 18, 2020. However ten States have a higher value, as high as 9.2% for Connecticut, while 14 States are below the world average with California at 1.9%. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Disclaimer: Statements and suggestions in this article should not replace treatment given by a physician, and any change in treatment or prophylactic protocol must be discussed and approved by a physician before being undertaken. Clinical sequelae associated with infection vary widely among people, and any procedure that might be advisable in one stage of an infectious process may not be effective or may be contraindicated in another stage. Breathing steam or heated air must not be too severe to scald airway tissue and must not be so vigorous as to spread viral particles in airways. This information is open for discussion and further examination. 05 Sep, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-119.php In environments, exposure to 222radon is to be considered chronic and the effects are based on cellular, subcellular and molecular radiotoxicological mechanisms [1]; We start from the alpha particles and their decay products, but the action continues through the access into the pulmonary tract with aerosols and environmental polluting particles (size 0.0005-100 μm in diameter) [2]. 25 Aug, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-118.php Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with diverse range of cultural and religious beliefs and practices vis-à-vis health seeking behaviour. The country is currently one of the nations in the African region that is most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. With the active outbreak of COVID-19 in the country, this paper discussed how key socio-cultural beliefs and health behaviour coupled with pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic clinical presentation of COVID-19 cases could foster the spread of the disease and recommendations for control. 08 Aug, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-117.php An estimated 59000 people die of rabies every year in the world. Passive immunization forms an important component of rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP), in Category III exposures,and sometimes in Category II exposures. Presently Rabies Immunoglobulins (RIGs) of human and equine origin are being used in most partsof the world, for passive immunization. However, overall, less than 10% of patients with category III exposuresare receiving passive immunization due to economic and technical reasons including shortage and often limited supply of RIGs. Although plasma derived RIGs have proven to be highly efficient in conferring protection after rabies exposure, the limited access, high cost and often short supply of RIGs are major constraints. Therefore, a search for a replacement to plasma derived RIGs has been strongly encouraged by the WHO since 1990. The development and availability of rabies monoclonal antibodies in recent years is a positive sign. This short note elaborates the importance of Rabies monoclonal Antibodies (RmAb) in rabies PEP and its potential role in improving availability, accessibility and affordability of biologicals for passive immunization in order to reduce human mortality due to rabies in resource poor endemic countries. 17 Jul, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-116.php Many existing methods of endoscopy can be very uncomfortable and potentially even painful for a patient. Using a conventional endoscope is also limited in its usable range, unable to access a majority of the small bowel. Recent advancements in LEDs, optical design, and MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) technologies have provided the ability to create a wireless endoscope. Since its inception, the capsule endoscope has seen advancements in existing technology as well as the introduction of new components. As the capsule endoscope continues to advance, more application possibilities will grow as well. 24 Jun, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-115.php Background: The novel coronavirus, called COVID-19, first originated in China and spread to many other countries. Due to the weakness of their immune system, especially in lower ages (infants) and also to prevent and control infection in this age group, special measures should be considered to prevent their infection with SARS-COV-2. The aim of this study is to investigate the published evidences and provide a strategy for the prevention of COVID- 19 in children. Methods: Databases and e-journals including PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Cambridge, Nature, Oxford, Google Scholar, Lancet, Cell, CDC, Nejm, JAMA, and BMC were searched using keywords derived from Mesh and get accessed until April 4, 2020. The original which reported the prevention of COVID-19 in children aged below 5 years, were included in the study. Results: After reviewing 159 published articles, 5 articles which was related to prevention in children were finally selected. Avoiding from high-risk communities and do social distancing is very effective in protecting children and infants from the disease. Personal hygiene, especially hand hygiene and Eliminating potential environmental infections during an epidemic is very important points in protecting children and infants from COVID-19. Conclusion: Strengthening the immune system of children and infants and ensuring mental health may also be effective in prevention. 10 Jun, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-113.php Herd immunity defines the level of protection from infectious diseases within a given population. It occurs naturally from exposure to a particular pathogen or, from vaccination against it. Against our understandings of this fundamental concept, the British Medical Journal reports on work published last month suggesting over half the UK population might already have been infected by coronavirus? [1]. If so, that ‘immune’ proportion may so well as to be entirely free from danger. 28 Feb, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-5-112.php Emergence of influenza A H3N2 is alarming. Strain 2013 H3N2 has H1 subtype Haemagglutinin (HA) gene segment replaced with a H3 HA gene segment. The vulnerability of the humans to H3 may be directly proportional to the HA alterations. Therefore, we studied this strain and analyzed its sequence and structural divergence and compared it with 2009 H3N1, 2009 H1N1 and its ancestor 1968 H3N2, including 11 other strains from 1918 till 2013. Our analysis showed a maximum sequence similarity between 2013 H3N2 and 1968 H3N2. The amino acid sequence variation of 2013 H3N2 was, 15% with 1968 H3N2, 27% with 2009 H3N1, 60% with 2009 H1N1. Phylogenetic distance of 0.01709 of 2013 H3N2, 0.01118 of 2012 H3N2, 0.01422 of 1968 H3N2, from the origin explained evolution of 2013 H3N2 strain. Glycosylation analysis indicates that influenza 2013 H3N2 has been found similar to 2009 H3N1 and 1968 H3N2 with five similar sites. Antigenic analysis shows that 2013 H3N2 contains different antigenic sites explaining evolution. Comparison of RMSD and hydrogen bonds displayed minimal difference in influenza 2013 H3N2 and 1968 H3N2. Protein disorder regions were found overlapping the antigenic sites in influenza 2013 H3N2 sequences stating the destabilization of antigenic epitopes. Our analyses show the evidence of the evolution of 2013 H3N2 from 1968 H3N2 pandemic, expressing that 2013 H3N2 might be highly virulent strain, tough to be targeted by drugs potently being responsible for pandemics in near future. 13 Sep, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-4-111.php Since Alma Ata Declaration, 40 years ago, the Health Service Systems has undergone signifi cant changes, but those achievements are unevenly distributed, with an increasing number of people without coverage by basic health services. Advances in technology, including the arrival of big data, together with the adoption of evidence-based care models have been transformative, especially for primary health care [1]. 26 Jul, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-4-110.php The 21st century is the century of knowledge, technology, but especially, the full exercise of Human Rights. In Mexico, the right to health protection is embodied in the Political Constitution and imposes on the state and its institutions the obligation to protect this essential right. 07 Jul, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-2-109.php The epidemiological data for Dengue has validated the alarming situation of dengue across the world, which in turn brings a huge population at the risk of dengue infection. 04 Jul, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-2-108.php Over the last years, scientifi c research has focused its interest on a potential role of hyperuricemia as cardiovascular risk factor; main interest has been directed to persistent raised plasma levels of uric acid. 24 Apr, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-2-107.php Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. Warm blooded animals are susceptible to infection with rabies virus and are therefore possible reservoirs. 18 Feb, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-2-106.php Dengue is the leading vector-borne viral disease of humans and poses a major international public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions in which it is endemic. 02 Jan, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-2-105.php Unplanned pregnancy is a leading reproductive health problem among unmarried adolescents in Nigeria. A clinic and community survey of 1,041 respondents in selected communities of Ijebu North local government area of Ogun State, Nigeria, showed that a substantial proportion of the female respondents (21.5% urban and 8.8% rural) had their first child during adolescence. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-1-104.php Background: Diabetes is a lifelong disease and reduces the victim’s lifespan and quality of life. Diabetes management is a continuing life-long endeavor requiring cognitive, attitudinal and behavioral changes. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-1-103.php Objectives: To assess the benefits of smoking cessation beyond measuring success as completely quitting smoking. To consider time-specific and dose-dependent smoking cessation as important harm reduction measures during pregnancy. 17 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-1-102.php microRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of short noncoding RNA sequences which modulate gene expression and regulate a wide range of biological processes. There is evidence that miRNAs may have a role in molecular mechanisms linked to tumorigenesis and a lot of studies have proven that some miRNAs are closely correlated with cancer. 29 Nov, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/APM-1-101.php Obese subjects usually have hyperaminoacidemia. Because leptin can affect the metabolism of amino acids, the relationship between them in obesity was investigated. The results showed obese women had significant elevation of plasma large neutral amino acids, which was positively correlated with the values of leptinemia and HOMA-IR.