https://www.cancerresgroup.us/journals/global-journal-of-cancer-therapy A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 13 Jan, 2026 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-12-155.php Cancer is a life-threatening disease that significantly affects both physical and psychological well-being. In recent decades, increasing attention has been directed toward psychosocial factors that may influence disease progression and patient outcomes. Positive thinking, optimism, and adaptive coping strategies have been proposed as potentially beneficial factors in oncology care. This article reviews current scientific evidence on the impact of positive thinking on disease progression, treatment adherence, immune function, and quality of life in cancer patients. The findings suggest that while positive thinking does not replace conventional oncological treatment, it may play an important supportive role in improving psychological resilience, reducing stress, and potentially influencing biological pathways related to disease outcomes. 14 Aug, 2025 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-11-154.php Oncolytic virotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses viruses to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. These viruses, known as oncolytic viruses, replicate within tumor cells, causing them to lyse (burst) and release new viral particles that can infect surrounding cancer cells. This process also releases tumor antigens, which can trigger an immune response against the cancer. The dynamics of Oncolytic virotherapy are highly nonlinear. Bifurcation analysis is a powerful mathematical tool used to deal with the nonlinear dynamics of any process. Several factors must be considered, and multiple objectives must be met simultaneously. Bifurcation analysis and multiobjective nonlinear model predictive control (MNLMPC) calculations are performed on three oncolytic dynamic models. The MATLAB program MATCONT was used to perform the bifurcation analysis. The MNLMPC calculations were performed using the optimization language PYOMO in conjunction with the state-of-the-art global optimization solvers IPOPT and BARON. The bifurcation analysis revealed the existence of a Hopf bifurcation point in one of the models and branch points in all three models. The Hopf bifurcation point was eliminated using an activation factor that involves the tanh function. The branch points (which cause multiple steady-state solutions from a singular point) are very beneficial because they enable the Multiobjective nonlinear model predictive control calculations to converge to the Utopia point (the best possible solution) in the models. It is proven (with computational validation) that the branch points were caused because of the existence of two distinct separable functions in one of the equations in each dynamic model. A theorem was developed to demonstrate this fact for any dynamic model. 23 Oct, 2024 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-10-153.php ANXA2 was reported as a multiple tumors relevant gene expressed excessively in many tumors, especially in cancers from the digestion system, and its aberrant expression enhances the malignant properties of cancer cells. We suppose that microstructure heterogeneity is important to maintain the malignancy of cancer cells, and ANXA2 excessive expression enhances the malignancy by remodeling the microstructures of cancer cells. To validate the proposal, we studied the effects of ANXA2 expression on the remodeling of motility-associated microstructures in SGC-7901 cells by a series of morphological display methods. The results showed that the cell motility microstructures, such as pseudopodia/filopodia and microvilli, were weaker and poorer in ANXA2-silenced SGC-7901 cells than in wild type cells, and the malignancy was significantly decreased in ANXA2 silenced SGC-7901 cells. These findings indicate that ANXA2 is necessary to maintain the changed cytoskeleton of cancer cells, especially the highly polymerized cytoskeleton protein, actin, and tubulin, which leads to the alteration of the cell microstructures that are closely correlated with cell motility. Our results indicate that ANXA2 plays an important role in enhancing the malignancy of gastric cancer cells by remodeling the cytoskeleton microstructures of polymerization. In this short article, we will try to shed light on this very important problem helping chronic pain patients to understand the nature of their pain and advising them how to deal with it. 08 May, 2024 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-10-152.php Chronic pain has been always difficult to manage for different reasons including a very complex and multi-factorial pathophysiology, which is still poorly understood, very limited treatment options, and not very sufficient conclusive research in the field of chronic pain. Because of the complex relationship between the central and the peripheral nervous system as well as the body’s hormones, chronic pain requires a multidisciplinary treatment approach. Chronic pain is different from the acute one, which is much easier to deal with because it has a well-known definite cause, however, chronic pain is usually very special and there isn’t a clear cause for it and no single treatment will cure it. Unfortunately, not every chronic pain patient understands the dilemma of his/her pain condition, therefore when they get referred to the pain clinic they go with very high and unrealistic expectations. In this short article, we will try to shed light on this very important problem helping chronic pain patients to understand the nature of their pain and advising them how to deal with it. 23 Sep, 2023 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-9-151.php Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma display unique dermoscopic features, at times they can mimic each other. A few clinical and dermoscopic algorithms, including the ABCD rule and the seven-point checklist, have been developed to simplify the diagnostic process. However, these tumors may present ambiguous dermoscopic patterns, lacking typical dermoscopic criteria. We present four cases where dermoscopic structures act as a confounding factor for the incorrect diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. This work aims to improve the differentiation between melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. These tumors can sometimes be clinically similar and this can interfere with treatment if the correct diagnosis is not made. 15 Sep, 2023 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-9-150.php Modern (science-based) medicine adopted four presumptions when it evolved from ancient experienced-based mind-body medicine. To understand its failure in finding cures for chronic diseases, we examined four presumptions and found that statistical population of health properties does not exist for most research purposes, mathematical models are misused to model intensive properties, synthetic drugs are inherently more dangerous than nature-made medicines under their respective application conditions, and reductionist treatments are inferior and inherently dangerous. We found that clinical trials are valid only for research where the treatment effect is much stronger than the total effects of all interfering or co-causal factors or errors introduced by misused mathematical models can be tolerated. In all other situations, clinical trials introduce excessive errors and fail to detect treatment effects or produce biased, incorrect, or wrong results. We further found that chronic diseases are the manifestation of small departures in multiple processes attributes in distinctive personal biological pathways networks, that modern medicine lacks the required accuracy for accurately characterizing chronic diseases, and that reductionist treatments are good at controlling symptoms and safe for short-term uses. For all stated reasons, as long as modern medicine continues relying on flawed presumptions, it can never find predictable cures for chronic diseases. By implication, predictable cures to chronic diseases are adjustments to lifestyle, dietary, emotional, and environmental factors to slowly correct departures in process attributes responsible for chronic diseases. 29 Nov, 2022 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-8-149.php Nephroblastoma is one of the most frequent solid tumors in childhood. It is also a classical example of success in oncology achieved by consequent and randomized studies run since mid-XX until now. As systemic treatment is constantly very effective and has not changed markedly since the last 30 years, the development of precise imaging and surgical technique allowed for the introduction of several new operative methods offering intriguing advantages. This paper is based on the literature review limited to the state-of-the-art or corner-stone positions and over 30 years of personal experience of the author. It does not pretend to be a form of a systematic meta-analysis. 20 Oct, 2022 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-8-148.php Objectives: To investigate the efficiency of the ECOLAB “Drape ArmourTM” device in limiting the eye-lens doses absorbed by healthcare personnel exposed to ionizing radiation, in a four-month trial during gastroenterology interventional radiology procedures. Methods: Eyelens doses measured with eye-lens dosimeters calibrated in terms of equivalent dose at 3 mm depth ( Hp(3) ) were collected and analyzed since 2016 along with the irradiation parameters (Dose Area Product - DAP). The eye-lens doses received during the four-month trial, have been compared with doses normally received, in the same conditions of irradiation, in the absence of the protection drape. Results: During the period of use of Drape ArmourTM, the average dose to the eye lens was estimated to be 0.73 mSv (St.dev = 0.40 mSv). The average dose to the eye lens, measured in the same four-month period, across different years from 2017 to 2021, was equal to 1.30 mSv (st. dev = 0.35 mSv). Conclusions: Results suggest the effectiveness of Drape ArmourTM in containing the doses to the eye lens. Keypoint: Limiting eye-lens doses to a maximum value of 20 mSv/year is a real challenge, especially in interventional radiologic facilities. The use of suitable radio-opaque drapes may help healthcare workers involved in such facilities. The aim of the work is to evaluate the efficiency of the ECOLAB “Drape ArmourTM” sterile mono-use drape. 11 Oct, 2022 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-8-147.php Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a chemotherapeutic agent Cytosine Arabinoside (Ara-C) and a natural anticancer agent of Thymoquinone (TQ) on apoptosis and cell proliferation of AML cell lines (Kasumi-6) both alone and in combined form. Material and method: Kasumi-6 AML cells were treated with three different doses of Ara-C (0.1, 0.5 and 1 µmol) and TQ (25, 50 and 100 µM) for 48 and 72 hours incubations. After Annexin V and Propidium Iodide (PI) staining, apoptosis, viability, and cell proliferation were evaluated for each group in flow cytometry. Results: As a result, AML cell lines showed a statistically significant difference in a single treatment of the active substances. Their combined treatment showed an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in viability in both groups at 48 and 72 hours incubation times (p < 0.001). In each group, it was observed that apoptosis was increased and viability was decreased and consequently cell proliferation was suppressed. Conclusion: Ara-C was used for the first time in this study with TQ in AML. It was determined that the combined use of TQ and Ara-C did not have a synergistic effect on apoptosis. 07 Oct, 2022 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-8-146.php Receptors Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) act as sensors for extracellular ligands, the binding of which triggers dimerization, activation, and autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine (Y) residues in the Cytoplasmic Domain (CD). This leads to the recruitment and activation of multiple downstream signaling proteins, which regulate various aspects of cellular physiology. 29 Sep, 2022 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-8-145.php Cancer therapy using Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has been investigated for some time [1,2] and now it is a growing area of interest in clinical trials [3]. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were used for early laboratory studies [4,5] for analysis in PDT. Various improvements in the MC method have advanced the field in recent years. 23 Mar, 2022 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-8-144.php Chronic diseases are still known as incurable diseases, and we suspect that the medical research model is unfit for characterizing chronic diseases. In this study, we examined accuracy and reliability required for characterizing chronic diseases, reviewed implied presumptions in clinical trials and assumptions used in statistical analysis, examined sources of variances normally encountered in clinical trials, and conducted numeric simulations by using hypothetical data for several theoretical and hypothetical models. We found that the sources of variances attributable to personal differences in clinical trials can distort hypothesis test outcomes, that clinical trials introduce too many errors and too many inaccuracies that tend to hide weak and slow-delivering effects of treatments, and that the means of treatments used in statistical analysis have little or no relevance to specific patients. We further found that a large number of uncontrolled co-causal or interfering factors normally seen in human beings can greatly enlarge the means and the variances or experimental errors, and the use of high rejection criteria (e.g., small p values) further raises the chances of failing to find treatment effects. As a whole, we concluded that the research model using clinical trials is wrong on multiple grounds under any of our realistic theoretical and hypothetical models, and that misuse of statistical analysis is most probably responsible for failure to identify treatment effects for chronic diseases and failure to detect harmful effects of toxic substances in the environment. We proposed alternative experimental models involving the use of single-person or mini optimization trials for studying low-risk weak treatments. 19 Mar, 2022 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-8-143.php Medicine fails to find predictable cures for cancer in more than a century, and we explored the feasibility of controlling cancer growth speed by using lifestyle factors. After conducting an extensive literature review, we conducted simulations for cancer growth courses to see the feasibility of controlling cancer growth speeds. We found that (1) medical treatments are often accompanied by three to four lethal factors: treatment side-effects, emotional distress, and chronic stress, reduced exercises and physical inactivity, and excessive nutrition in some cases; (2) clinical trial exaggerates treatments short-term benefits and underestimates the slow-delivering adverse side effects as a result of statistical averaging, interfering effects of personal lifestyle factors and insufficient follow-up times; (3) the benefits of medical treatments are limited by chain comparisons, where surgery may work as a negative standard relative to the best alternatives for resolving cancer; (4) the strategy of destroying the tumor or killing all cancer cells is unworkable; (5) medical treatments can turn natural cancer growth curve into approximately doubly exponential curve; (6) multiple-factor non-medical measures are potentially much more powerful than medical treatments in controlling cancer growth and metastasis speeds; and (7) cancer early diagnosis and over treatments are unwise strategies in light of discoveries. Based on huge increases in cancer growth rate constants, substantial loss of vital organ functional capacity, and severe systemic aging-like cellular damages, we concluded that medical treatments may promote cancer growth and metastasis speeds and shorten patient lives in most situations, and the claimed benefits are caused by triple biases of clinical trials. By using the same method to explore how several lifestyle factors affect cancer growth rates, we concluded that the better strategy for ending the global cancer epidemic in the future is changing caner treatment strategy from killing cancer cells to slowing down cancer growth rates by using various lifestyle factors in combination. This study in part explains why cancer can self-resolve. 23 Aug, 2021 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-7-142.php The objective of this study was to present a descriptive summary of patients experiences on receiving radiation treatment for Head And Neck Cancers (HNC). A qualitative descriptive study design was used and 60 patients who undergo radiation therapy for head and neck cancers at Bugando medical centre in Mwanza were randomly selected. The face to face interviews were conducted for data collection to 60 patients who receive radiation treatment for head and neck cancers between April 2021 to June 2021 for descriptive and thematic analysis of data collected. Experiences from interview revealed six main themes: Understanding and acceptance of disease, Desire to know the treatment plan and the overall treatment process,Functional disability, Change of body image, Decrease of social interactions, Fear of cancer recurrence. Little attention have been directed in knowing the experiences on receiving radiation treatment by patients. Findings from this study have contributed to the development of head and neck cancer patients support and education to patients and families. 06 Jul, 2021 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-7-141.php Objective: Radiotherapy (RT) can be used for primary treatment, adjuvant therapy, or for salvage of recurrences of intracranial ependymal tumors. In recent years, there is a rising trend towards reducing the adverse effects of RT by incorporation of modernized techniques. Accurate and precise RT treatment volume is essential for optimization of treatment results. Herein, we evaluated irradiation target designation of intracranial ependymal tumors. Materials and methods: In this study, irradiation target designation was assessed for intracranial ependymal tumors. RT target volume definition was evaluated with comparative analysis for patients receiving irradiation for intracranial ependymal tumors. Results: Optimal target coverage and minimal exposure of normal tissues was prioritized in RT treatment planning. Ground truth target volume determination was done with meticulous assessment of physicians. As the primary result, it was found that the ground truth target voume was identical with target determination with Computed Tomography (CT)-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) fusion based planning. Conclusion: Incorporation of MRI in target definition process should be suggested for improving accuracy and precision of target and treatment volume definition for successful radiotherapeutic management of intracranial ependymal tumors despite the need for further supporting evidence. 19 May, 2021 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-7-140.php Cancer biology clinical breakthroughs in this millennium requires the development of new methods and techniques to suit the challenge of the global health menace. Immunotherapy is a technique that has engendered advancement in cancer studies. Immuno-oncology aims at the recognition of tumour antigens and elimination of tumour cells. In this paper, the pathogenesis of carcinogenesis and role of immunosurveillance in tumour prevention is critically analyzed. The paper also attempts to show the role of MHC-I and IFN signaling, the concerted effort of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4), Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), and metabolic alteration in immune evasion mechanism of cancerous cells. The use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICPIs) in combination with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies has increased survival in some cancers and shows promise in others. When these agents are administered, however, there are toxicities known as “Immune-related adverse events.” A brief overview on the dermatologic toxicity, endocrinopathy, hepatotoxicity and diarrhoea/enterocolitis is discussed. This paper concludes by mentioning the promising potential of genomic sequencing technology in cancer immunotherapy. 15 Mar, 2021 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-7-139.php Objective: In the setting of upfront chemotherapy, some degree of reduction in primary tumor volume may occur. This may be of critical importance in the setting of locally advanced Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) when upfront definitive irradiation is not feasible due to critical organ dose constraints. Selected patients with tumor volume reduction after upfront systemic therapy may be considered for curative radiation therapy (RT). To address this issue, we evaluated changes in tumor volume following upfront chemotherapy for NSCLC in this original article. Materials and methods: Patients receiving upfront chemotherapy for locally advanced NSCLC were identified and analyzed. All patients had upfront chemotherapy and were subsequently referred for curative RT at Department of Radiation Oncology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences. Tumor size changes following upfront chemotherapy have been documented for performing the comparative evaluation. Results: Decision making for individualized management of patients was based on thorough multidisciplinary evaluation with input from experts in pulmonology, pulmonary surgery, radiology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology. Tumor size changes were assessed in a series of patients receiving upfront chemotherapy for NSCLC. There was a mean decrease of 24% in tumor volume following upfront chemotherapy. Conclusion: A mean decrease of 24% in tumor volume occurred following upfront chemotherapy in our study for patients with locally advanced NSCLC having extensive tumor burden. Adaptation of curative RT target volumes with respect to tumor volume reductions should be assessed in prospective randomized studies to shed light on the issue of reduced volume irradiation. 24 Feb, 2021 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-7-138.php The purpose of this work was 1. Processing a new concept of specific inhibitors for metastasis to mercy cancer chemotherapy for oncology. 2. A chemical synthesis of Multinucleated Anion active Metastasis inhibitors based on processed conception. 3. Trial them in D60p4 cell line culture of atypical fibroblasts of different concentrations. Georgia has received a patent for the first medicine (Amphicezine) of this class, which does not damage the normal healthy cells in the body. There are presented the synthesis schemes and methods of prospective metastasis inhibitors by the authors. The second-generation works of Multinucleated Anion active Metastasis inhibitors have been completed, there is also discussed and shown multifunctional action on tumor cells, connections between oncodrugs activity and their ligand properties. 13 Feb, 2021 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-7-137.php Background: Achievement of the best initial response to induction regimen in multiple myeloma is a prognostic factor for disease outcome. The triplet regimen-bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone, VRd, is the preferred induction regimen in newly diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (MM) due to its favorable impact on overall survival. However, recent studies showed a deeper response and superior progression-free survival with quadruplet regimen, daratumumab-VRd, when compared to VRd. Yet, the quadruplet regimen also comes with additional toxicities. Balancing efficacy and toxicity in selecting an induction regimen is a challenge due to advanced age and comorbidities in the multiple myeloma population. The purpose of this study is to identify biological markers that could potentially affect the response rate to upfront VRd. Patients and methods: For this cross-sectional study, we included patients with MM treated with frontline VRd starting April 2011 through May 2018. We analyzed the correlation between patient demographics, disease biology, disease burden and stage at diagnosis, and response to therapy. Results: After four cycles of VRd, we analyzed the response rate on 120 subjects. The overall response rates to VRd were 50% of patients achieved Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) or better, 43% achieved Partial Response (PR), 5% did not respond to treatment. We showed a statistically significant difference in treatment outcomes between myeloma subtypes particularly involved immunoglobulin, IgA, and IgG myeloma. We report an increased incidence of VGPR or better in IgA myeloma (79%) as compared to IgG myeloma (37%) (P-Value < 0.0006). Conclusion: We conclude that IgG subtype multiple myeloma is associated with a suboptimal response to frontline VRd. 09 Feb, 2021 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-7-136.php To the management of leukemia, traditional chemotherapy is characterized by repeated dosage, adverse side effects, disruption to the immune system and other organs with rapidly proliferating cells due to non-specific targeting, insolubility, and failure to attack the tumor center, low survival treatment impairments, and resistance from the targeted cancerous cells. The management of most anti-leukemic drugs would be improved if, through a suitable scientific process that can be released to their biological targets through technological manipulation at the nano-molecular dimension. Nanoparticles are increasingly being implemented and adopted in alleviating numerous constraints with the conventional technique for drug delivery with cancer therapy. With excessive drug localization and cell adhesion, nanotechnology has presented an opportunity to selectively secure easy links to cancerous cells as it is feasible to program nanoparticles such as gold to identify cancerous cells as well as provide selective and precise drug delivery mechanisms that prevent interplay with normal cells. This review outlook essentially illustrates the significance of nano-based anticancer therapy for active targeting, the drawbacks of traditional chemotherapy, the responsive pH existence of nano-based anticancer drugs with cellular delivery through a stabilized biocompatible carrier, the biochemical compositions of nano-structured media, existing methodologies for nano-based anticancer therapy (leukemia) formulation and recognition of gold nanoparticles as an ideal anticancer drug delivery material. 10 Nov, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-135.php Fibroadenoma is the most frequent benign tumor of the breast, although its classification as a true benign tumor or as a mastopathy related to circulating estrogens is discussed today. They usually occur below 30 years and constitute 76% of breast masses between 10 and 20 years. Bilateralism has been reported between 12 and 16% of fibroadenomas. The type called Juvenile or Giant only reaches 2% of all Fibroadenomas and 7% of all lesions of the breast in children under 20 years. The most common form of presentation is like a solid, mobile and painless tumor that can acquire a large size. The diagnosis of these masses is made with physical examination and imaging techniques, mainly ultrasound.  The diagnostic confirmation is given by the histological study. The surgical treatment must be individualized in each case, taking into account its particularities. We present the case of a 72-year-old woman who goes to an outpatient clinic for a giant tumor in the breast, imaging and histological studies are possible, and by joint decision in the multidisciplinary team the surgical treatment is decided and surprisingly the histological result , results in a giant fibroadenoma of the breast. 20 Oct, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-134.php We review the basic clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management of brain tumor. Google search was done by using different terms associated with brain tumor and different databases were used, such as Google Scholar, Cochrane Database, and Science Direct etc. In spite of the fact that clinical manifestations fluctuate on the basis of category, magnitude and site of tumor, the most common clinical features reported are persistent headache, seizures, nausea and vomiting, loss of consciousness, dizziness, mood fluctuation, cognitive problems, visual defects, weakness of body parts, difficulty with speech and language, and hearing impairment. Apart from neurologic examination, diagnostic approaches include Computed Tomography (CT) scan, MRI and biopsy. Treatment strategies, determined by a variety of factors, include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and indicative therapy. This mini-review summarizes brain tumor biology as regards its classification, grading, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools and treatment modalities. 17 Oct, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-133.php Purpose: To provide a comprehensive summary of published literature regarding influence of intraductal carcinoma of prostate (IDC-P) on clinical outcomes in men with Prostate Cancer (PC). Methods: We compared the following clinical endpoints in men with PC with or without IDC-P; Castration Resistant Free Survival (CFS) and Overall Survival (OS) for metastatic PC (Group 1), biochemical recurrence rate (BR) and/or cancer specific survival (CSS) in men undergoing radical prostatectomy (Group 2a) or radiotherapy (Group 2b). A meta-analysis was done by fixed effect model using 12 studies reporting Hazard Ratio (HR) and meeting the selection criteria. Results: In Group 1 for men with IDC-P, the pooled HR for CFS and OS were 1.69 (CI, 1.30-2.21) and 2.00 (CI, 1.38-2.91), respectively. In group 2a BR and CSS were higher in men with IDC-P with HR 2.63 (CI, 1.99-3.49) and 2.87 (CI, 1.65-5.01) respectively. Similarly, presence of IDC-P in group 2b demonstrated a HR of 2.04 (CI, 1.10-3.78) for BR. Conclusions: Men with IDC-P demonstrated poorer clinical outcomes including higher rate of BR following radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy either in primary and salvage settings, shorter time to CFS and poorer OS in men with metastatic disease. Our analysis and review of the literature suggest that IDC-P could be used as a novel prognostic and predictive morphological biomarker to influence clinical management in men with PC including pelvic lymph node dissection, pelvic radiotherapy or genetic testing. 15 Oct, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-132.php Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav channels) are transmembrane proteins that allow the permeability of sodium ions across membranes. They are critical for the initiation of the action potential. Research has revealed that Nav channel α and β subunits expressed abnormally and play non-classical roles in some cancer types. However, the understanding of Nav channel proteins in cancers remains insufficient and the lack of specific Nav channel drugs impedes the study in this field. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize and comment on the present understanding of the roles of Nav channels in cancers. The membrane potential in non-excitable cells is critical for cell activities. Cancer cells usually have a higher resting membrane potentials than non-cancer cells. Nav1.5 and Nav1.7 are the two most expressed Nav channels in human cancers, while Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 are also expressed in some cancer types. There are several mechanistic speculations for the role of Nav channels in cancer, which include sodium-other ions homeostasis, the β subunits, and humoral regulation. To be mentioned, the review includes some personal perspectives that are required for further validation. This review will be conducive to the field of Nav channels in cancers. 18 Aug, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-131.php The objective of this study was to present a descriptive summary of the experiences of women treated with high dose rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer. A qualitative descriptive study design was used and 50 women who undergo high dose rate brachytherapy at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) in Dar-es-salaam were selected. Qualitative interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection from cervical cancer patients treated between April 2019 to July 2019 for descriptive and thematic analysis of data. Qualitative interviewer administered questioning was done from which three themes arose: the patient perception, expectation and impressions, informational need, and psychological experiences. Many patients had good perception about brachytherapy although their first impression was bad. The study found the importance of provision of procedure information to patient which seems to improve their treatment experiences. The psychological experiences faced by patients before and during treatment included pain, distress, fear, humiliation and anxiety Pain was a major problem, as the preventative medication participants received had low efficiency in pain prevention hence did not protect them from experiencing pain. Opening and hanging their legs was a humiliating experience aggravated by the presence of doctors and nurses. Their belief that brachytherapy can cure their disease comforted them and gave them courage to endure the treatment, whilst caring staff comforted and supported them. In addition to individualized patient education, nurses should assess the level of pain women experience before, during and after receiving brachytherapy and advice the revision of pain management protocols. 22 May, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-130.php Background: Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is the second most common primary tracheal neoplasms but the data for optimal treatment plan is limited. This study is an update of our institutional experience treating primary ACC of the trachea with neutron radiotherapy. 19 May, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-129.php Cryosurgery techniques has been used in the ancient period. Cryosurgery employs the high rate of freezing rate to destroy the undesirable tissues. 30 Apr, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-128.php Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most common soft tissue sarcomas developed in children under 15 years of age. 13 Apr, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-127.php Clinical efforts to diagnostically evaluate women-and men-with breast cancer have resulted in various degrees of success. The use of external radiographic sources to look for tissue abnormalities-mammography - has according to the Cochrane Collaboration not been able to demonstrate a reduction in mortality [1]; a position also held by the National Cancer Institute and The Canadian Trial [2]. 30 Mar, 2020 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-6-126.php Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second most frequent cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Recently, potential links between cancer and the calcium mobilizing messenger Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) and its intracellular target Two-Pore Channels (TPCs) have been identified. However, their role in breast cancer cells has not been extensively evaluated, and the understanding of underlying pathways is still lacking. Here we proposed a hypothesis that TPC function is crucial for the cell biology and tumorigenesis of the breast cancer cell. Further study can be done in this field, such as screening the expression of TPC1 and TPC2 in different breast cancers, then testing whether altered expression of TPC1 and TPC2 affects breast cancer and breast cancer stem cells. It is also valuable to search for the potential targets of TPCs and NAADP calcium signaling in breast cancer cells. This mini-review aims to propose potential research methods and experimental design for future study and will contribute to the raising and development of the research in this field. 20 Aug, 2019 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-5-125.php Cancer is the one of most leading cause of death and fast growing disease with increase its global burden due to cancer causing behavior particularly smoking, drinking alcohol coal mining worker, consumption of non-organic foods, uses of non-food grad utensils and uses of food additives. About 13.5 million case of cancer have been reported worldwide in which 7.8 million deaths occur. 09 Apr, 2019 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-5-124.php Background: Malignant mesothelioma is a highly aggressive and fatal cancer of older people. Consistently associated with asbestos exposure, mesothelioma is diagnosed when it is extensively metastasized and it has a dismal prognosis. Purpose of the study: Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the mainstay of treatment yet they are ineffective in increasing the mesothelioma patient survival. Therefore, a different approach is needed. A novel nutrient mixture containing green tea extract, ascorbic acid, lysine, and proline exhibited anti-cancer effects in various cancers. In our previous studies, the nutrient mixture was seen to block MMP secretion and invasion through MatrigelTM by mesothelioma cells. In the current study, we wanted to explore if the nutrient mixture could induce apoptosis in mesothelioma cells 08 Mar, 2019 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-5-123.php Benzofuwran derivatives found in several natural compounds and synthesized for various purposes. Due to their molecular structure’s electron behaviors they have several biological activities such as antitumor, cytotoxic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, ant proliferative etc. We synthesized (3-methyl-benzofuran-2-yl) ketoxime derivatives (one of them are new compound) and structure elucidation of the compounds was performed using IR, 1H-NMR, MASS spectroscopy and elemental analysis. X-Ray analysis of H2 compound was elucidated for the first time with this study in the literature. Cytotoxic activity against F2408 and HepG2 cell lines was also evaluated for the first time by MTT and NR uptake methods. Anti-microbial activity of H1, H2 and H3 was also investigated with broth micro dilution test. The results show that these ketoximes have cytotoxic and anti-microbial activity on different higher doses. 13 Oct, 2018 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-4-122.php Still in Japan, medical oncologists need to play a main role and work a lot of tasks by themselves in cancer chemotherapy. The situation of cancer chemotherapy has progressed day by day and considering the current environment surrounding medical oncology, we must discuss what is necessary for and establish the new concept for medical oncology. 30 Dec, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-121.php Penile carcinoma is a rare malignant disease with a significantly higher incidence in some areas of underdeveloped countries [1]. Inguinal nodal involvement is found in 20% to 40% of cases at diagnosis and nodal metastasis is an important predictive factor for survival [2,3]. Metastatic penile carcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis, 20 Jul, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-120.php Cancer is a leading cause of death in men worldwide and the major cause of cancer related death is drug resistance. 26 May, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-119.php In the past few years, immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, have redefi ned standard of care cancer treatment for numerous malignancies. However, despite the wealth of promising data and great enthusiasm, the vast majority of cancer patients still fail to respond to these therapies as single agents. 15 Apr, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-118.php Cutaneous angiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor of vascular origin. Multimodality treatment including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be used according to age and local spread. Prognosis is poor with a 5-year survival of 10-15%. We report the case of an angiosarcoma of the scalp and face treated with sequential contact radiotherapy and chemotherapy. After local response, the patient progressed in non-irradiated zone then had liver metastasis. 30 Mar, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-117.php Background: Disease Management (DM) is an approach to health care that coordinates resources across the entire health care delivery system and throughout the course of a disease. 20 Mar, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-116.php Introduction: Granular cell tumours (GCT), also known as Abrikossoff’s tumours, are rare, and occur in the breast in approximately 5-6% of the cases these tumours are usually benign with only 1% of malignancy. 11 Mar, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-115.php Decavanadate compounds were described to be involved in a variety of biological activities and responses such as anti-virus, anti-bacterial and anticancer. While the mechanisms of action of the antiviral and anti-bacterial activities are better understood, the same does not go for the anti-tumour activity. 07 Mar, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-114.php Oral cavity squamous cell cancer (OSCC) and Oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) are the most frequent forms of Head and Neck Cancers (HNCs) [1]. About 300,000 new cases of oral cancers are being counted yearly worldwide, having registered an increase of incidence of 225% in U.S.A. 28 Feb, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-113.php The rectum is considered the straight part of the bowel although it’s not straight with at least three folds. Sometimes defi ned as the last 12 cm of the large bowel other consider it as the last 15 cm. Surgeons mark it starting at the anorectal ring, anatomist use the dentate line, more consensus and agreements is needed for the rectum as a structure. 10 Feb, 2017 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-3-112.php Primary spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate is an uncommon variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma seen in pediatric age group mostly during infancy and childhood. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) arising from prostate predominantly presents obstructive urinary symptoms. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-2-111.php Increased neoantigens of cancer generated by mutations are reported to be associated with favorable prognosis of cancer patients. The interesting findings contradict the notions that cancers were caused by accumulation of gene mutations. 29 Dec, 2016 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-2-110.php Gamma-delta (γδ) T cell neoplasms are a rare disease entity characterized by an aggressive clinical course [1,2]. The management of these neoplasms associated with high incidence of induction failures and poor clinical outcomes [3]. 02 Jul, 2016 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/articles/GJCT-2-109.php Lenvatinib mesilate (lenvatinib) is an oral multiple-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the kinase activities of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) 1­­-3, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) 1­­-4, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR) α, KIT, and RET. The VEGFR and FGFR signaling pathways are the master regulators of normal and tumor angiogenesis. Lenvatinib showed significant activity in patients with radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer in a Phase III study and is used in the United States, the European Union, and Japan. Moreover, based on Phase II study, lenvatinib has been approved in the United States for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in combination with everolimus. In addition, the efficacy of lenvatinib is being evaluated in other cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and endometrial cancer. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying the clinical activities of lenvatinib by using in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis models. 18 Mar, 2016 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-2-108.php Background: Despite the crucial role of integrin receptors in cancer pathogenesis and massive efforts towards establishing clinically relevant drugs, to the present no effective integrin antagonist for the treatment of malignant diseases has been introduced into the clinic. Context and purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to examine the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms of a novel anti-integrin compound designated AV-398/38 and to compare it with cilengitide, one of the most advanced and best characterized αVβ3/αVβ5 integrin antagonists. AV-398/38 is a small molecule integrin antagonist that is currently in an early phase of pre-clinical evaluation. It was identified by virtual screening of chemical databases with the aim to detect novel integrin αVβ3 antagonist-like candidates. Based on preliminary in vitro data, the compound was recognized as a potential anti-neoplastic drug candidate, displaying high specificity and binding affinity in the nanomolar range towards the αVβ3 receptor, as well as showing potentially favorable drug-like properties. 08 Mar, 2016 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-2-107.php 26S proteasome is an intracellular; ATP dependent enzymatic complex degrades ubiquitin-tagged proteins and maintains cellular homeostasis. The orderly degraded proteins including cyclins, caspases, Bcl-xL, p53, cell adhesion molecules are involved in cell-cycle progression, tumor suppression, DNA replication, inflammation, and apoptosis. So, proteasome inhibition is a target therapy for cancer to promote cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Bortezomib (Velcade®, PS-341, and Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) is the first, selective, reversible, and only proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of multiple myeloma have been approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003. Bortezomib downregulates the interaction of multiple myeloma cells with bone marrow stromal cells, inhibits angiogenesis, and blocks cell cycle progression. Clinically, continuous dosage of bortezomib leads to few side effects. 03 Mar, 2016 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-2-106.php Primary oral leiomyosarcomas are exceptionally rare lesions often associated with poor prognosis. We report a case of leiomyosarcoma arising in the anterior mandibular gingiva, which is a non-prevalent site of occurrence. Clinically, the tumor was far from being firm and solid as it is usually described in the literature. Light microscopy failed to confirm the true nature of the lesion on the biopsy specimen. 06 Nov, 2015 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-1-105.php The financial crisis has a dramatic impact on social life, since reduced or even non-existent incomes affect people’s well-being and push big parts of the population to poverty. The individuals’ financial status affects health indicators such as life expectancy, morbidity, mortality and healthcare service accessibility [11. WHO (2009) Impact of the financial crisis on health and health systems. ]. 04 Nov, 2015 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-1-104.php Eribulin sensitivity was examined in a panel of twenty-five human cancer cell lines representing a variety of tumor types, with a preponderance of breast and lung cancer cell lines. As expected, the cell lines vary in sensitivity to eribulin at clinically relevant concentrations. To identify combination drugs capable of increasing anticancer effects in patients already responsive to eribulin, as well as inducing de novo anticancer effects in non-responders, we performed a combinatorial high throughput screen to identify drugs that combine with eribulin to selectively kill tumor cells. Among other observations, we found that inhibitors of ErbB1/ErbB2 (lapatinib, BIBW-2992, erlotinib), MEK (E6201, trametinib), PI3K (BKM-120), mTOR (AZD 8055, everolimus), PI3K/mTOR (BEZ 235), and a BCL2 family antagonist (ABT-263) show combinatorial activity with eribulin. In addition, antagonistic pairings with other agents, such as a topoisomerase I inhibitor (topotecan hydrochloride), an HSP-90 inhibitor (17-DMAG), and gemcitabine and cytarabine, were identified. 30 Mar, 2015 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-1-103.php Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy and its incidence hasbeen increasing sharply since the mid-1990s [1]. TC is a general term that comprises two main groups of neoplasias, depending on the cell type affected by the malignant transformation. 1) Carcinomas originating from the follicular epithelium, referred to as nonmedullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) representing more than 95% of all TC; and 2) carcinomas originating from the parafollicular thyroid C cells, referred to as medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) accounting less than 5% of all TC. 10 Mar, 2015 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-1-102.php Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are the second fastest growing cancer in terms of incidence and deaths in the United States and Europe. NHLs are a heterogeneous cancer group including several haematological neoplasias with different degree of aggressiveness. In spite of the progresses, conventional therapies do not ensure long-term survival [1]. The NHL patients, who have a poor life expectation, could take advantage from innovative therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy. Specific antibodies can preferentially bind tumour cells over normal tissues. This specificity is based upon characteristics (surface antigens) that are completely independent from the parameters that allow for differential toxicity of chemo- and radiotherapy. 07 Jan, 2015 https://www.cancerresgroup.us/Cancer-Therapy/GJCT-1-101.php Cisplatin is one of the most widely applied antineoplastic agents used to treat different types of solid tumours. However, its use is limited by serious side- effects including nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin accumulates in proximal tubule and forms nephrotoxins that causes proximal cell injury and thereby leads to nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin enters these proximal cells by organic transporter molecules (OCT). Genetic polymorphism of these molecules and other membrane transport proteins that regulate cisplatin accumulation may influence cisplatin- related nephrotoxic outcome. Variations of DNA repair enzymes, e.g., ERCC1, eIF3, MMS 19L, and metabolic enzymes involved in platinum detoxification, e.g., GSTT1, GSTM1 may also have important role in the generation of nephrotoxicity. Polymorphisms of these genes can be used as predictive tools for such adverse- events in an individual. Thus chemotherapy can be modulated accordingly without compromising with antineoplastic activities of cisplatin.