https://www.reprodgroup.us/journals/global-journal-of-fertility-and-research A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 10 Jan, 2026 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-11-130.php This study evaluated the influence of the IL-6 G/C-174 polymorphism on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) outcomes. The analysis included 141 women with no pregnancy after at least two implantation failures following ART and 98 women who achieved pregnancy through ART. No association was found between this polymorphism and implantation failures in women undergoing ART. 16 Aug, 2025 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-10-129.php Traumatic complications of childbirth can include perineal, vulvar, vaginal, and cervical tears, as well as uterine hematomas and ruptures. These complications can have a psychological impact on the mother, including increasing the risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Our article is about a 23-year-old patient who presented postpartum with a perineal hematoma of more than 10 cm. The purpose of our presentation is to inform health professionals about this condition in order to improve post-partum care. 18 Jul, 2025 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-10-128.php Enhancing fertilizer application strategies is a critical lever for addressing the multidimensional challenges confronting modern agriculture, including food security, resource sustainability, and environmental health. While the evolution from conventional broadcasting to advanced placement techniques-such as banding, deep placement, fertigation, and foliar application, led to measurable gains in Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) and yield, substantial research gaps and contradictions persist, particularly regarding their long-term, context-specific impacts. This review synthesizes comparative studies and quantitative meta-analyses, revealing that precision methods can increase crop yields by 10% – 40% and reduce nitrogen losses by up to 25% - 40% compared to broadcasting, but their performance varies significantly across crops, soils, and socio-economic settings. Key concerns remain, especially in India, regarding persistent imbalance in fertilizer use (notably excess nitrogen relative to phosphorus and potassium), declining soil organic matter, depletion of micronutrients, and insufficient adoption of precision technologies by smallholders. Globally, indiscriminate fertilizer application continues to drive soil degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, and water pollution, while policies often lag behind scientific advancements. Contradictions in the literature highlight that while certain placement methods outperform others in specific agro-ecological conditions, their scalability is limited by infrastructure, cost, and knowledge barriers. Future perspectives emphasize the urgency of developing adaptive nutrient management frameworks tailored to local realities, supported by soil testing infrastructure, policy incentives, digital agriculture tools, and strong farmer education. For policymakers, integrating the 4R framework-right source, rate, time, and place-into national resource strategies, reorienting subsidies toward balanced nutrients, and promoting the inclusion of small and marginal farmers in technological transitions are imperative. Coordinated global and national efforts are needed to foster equitable access to efficient fertilizer technologies, build resilience against climate variability, and ensure the sustainability of food systems. Only a systems-based, inclusive approach will enable sustainable intensification and secure agricultural productivity for present and future generations. 08 Feb, 2025 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-10-127.php This study examines the impact of the number of children and external factors on married women’s employment choices using probit models and Instrumental Variable (IV) regression with data from the International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles IV. The analysis includes both an “employment choice” model and a “working hours” model to assess how fertility influences labour market outcomes. To address endogeneity, the study employs an IV measuring perceived restrictions on parental freedom, justified by the Second Demographic Transition Theory. While this variable reflects fertility preferences, it does not directly influence employment beyond its effect on child count, ensuring exogeneity. First-stage tests confirm relevance, with F-statistics exceeding the empirical threshold. Results show that having more children significantly increases women’s self-employment rates while reducing their likelihood of being employed by companies. IV regression further reveals that the effect of childbearing on employment varies by education level and husband’s employment status. Additionally, when the number of children increases, husbands are more likely to seek employment. These findings contribute to the literature on fertility and women’s employment, highlighting the need for family-friendly policies and cultural shifts to support women’s workforce participation while balancing family responsibilities. 22 Nov, 2024 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-9-126.php Infertility is defined as a disease of the female or male reproductive system; it is the inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected sexual intercourse. It constitutes a real public health problem today due to its prevalence, the generalization of its distribution, and the difficulties inherent in its management. According to the World Health Organization, infertility affects 70 million people worldwide, with one in six couples facing primary or secondary infertility. Algeria is not spared from this epidemic, more than 300,000 couples are unable to conceive a child naturally. This statistic translates to, approximately, between 10% and 12% of the targeted population. The main objective of this study is to determine the diagnostic and therapeutic value of laparoscopy in female infertility, The methodology: the collection of patients was made over two years from 2021 to 2023, respecting the inclusion criteria (female infertility) and exclusion (any cause of uterine origin, male cause). We note that adhesions are the most frequent lesions, they are present in 44% of cases, tubal pathology is found in 31% of cases, ovarian dystrophy in 25% of cases, endometriosis in 41% of cases, and endometriotic cyst in 21% of cases. The most commonly performed procedure is adhesiolysis in 23% of cases, cystectomy in 21% of cases, 10% fimbrioplasty, and 21% ovarian drilling. 17 Aug, 2024 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-9-125.php For a successful grapevine breeding program, pollen viability, germination ability, and cultivar compatibility information are of vital importance. In this study, pollen viability, germination rates, pollen tube lengths, and pollen tube diameters of three grape cultivars [Kyoho (4n), Ekşi Kara (2n), and Gök Üzüm (2n)] were investigated. Pollen viability rates were determined using the IKI (iodine potassium iodide) staining test. In vitro, pollen germination rates were determined using a semi-solid medium containing 20% ​​sucrose and 1% agar. As a result, significant differences were detected in pollen viability, germination rates, and pollen tube lengths of the examined grape cultivars. The first germination started at the 48th hour in all three grape cultivars. In cv. Ekşi Kara had the highest pollen viability while the lowest (3.05%) value in terms of pollen germination was determined. Pollen tube length and pollen tube diameter of the cv. Kyoho had higher values ​​than the other two diploid cultivars. Pollen tube formation started in the first 48th hours, while pollen tube growth continued to increase until the 96th hours. As a result, it was confirmed that the flower structure of the cv. Ekşi Kara was functionally female. In suitable ecologies, diploid cv. Gök Üzüm and tetraploid cv. Kyoho were found to be usable as pollinators. 20 Sep, 2023 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-8-124.php Objective: To describe levels of desire for children and identify factors influencing women’s desire for children (DFC). Design: Descriptive correlational study. Setting: Participants were recruited from a Qualtrics online panel. Participants: 228 women from the following nations: Columbia, South America, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Honduras, India, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom, and the USA. Methods: DFC was measured using the Modified Index of Parenthood Motivation (MIPM), a 14-item self-reporting tool, and the Motives Toward Parenthood Scale (MTPS), a 30-item tool with four subscales. Results: MIPM was related to education levels, employment status, the number of children she had, and her parity. One-way ANOVA revealed significant relationships between MIPM with race and nationality. As shown in Mean DFC Scores by Nationality, post hoc tests revealed significant differences in mean MIPM scores when comparing Colombians to Nigerians, Ghanaians to both Colombians and Honduran participants, and finally, significant differences in mean MIPM scores when comparing between Philippine and Colombian, as well as Honduran participants. Subjective norms, consequences, and individual costs mean scores were below midpoints. Conclusion: Participants with increased DFC had increased education, were employed, had more children, and had been pregnant more times than participants with decreased DFC. Women who identified as Black had significantly greater DFC than those who identified as White or Hispanic. Women from Nigeria, Ghana, and the Philippines had significantly greater DFC than participants from Colombia and Honduras. Participants disagreed with subjective norms but agreed with the positive consequences of motherhood. 19 Jul, 2023 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-8-123.php Context: Semen is a complex fluid with many functions, some of them well-known, others more obscure. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in human seminal plasma in comparison with blood plasma levels. Methods: HGF concentrations were measured in seminal plasma from 40 men utilizing commercial ELISA kits. Blood plasma from 40 healthy blood donors served as a comparison group. Results: Median seminal plasma HGF was approximately five times higher than the levels found in blood plasma (5717.5 pg/mL vs. 1124.6 pg/mL). There was a negative correlation between HGF values in seminal plasma and the number of sperm cells. Conclusion: The study shows that seminal plasma contains high levels of HGF and that HGF binds to prostasomes. Male HGF can thus reach the female reproductive tract during unprotected sexual intercourse. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the effect of this on fertility. 26 Jun, 2023 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-8-122.php Over the last few decades, a massive increase in environmental toxicants has played a significant role in causing hindrance in the process of sexual maturity, leading to impaired reproductive health. Several toxicants are existing in the environment because of rapid industrialization, agricultural activities, and urbanization that act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Triclosan (TCS; 2,4,4’-trichloro-2’-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is one of the EDCs, acts as an antimicrobial chemical, and is used widely in personal care products and several commercial preparations as preservatives. It is found to interfere with normal reproduction and sexual maturity. The present study is therefore, aimed to investigate the impact of prepubertal to peripubertal exposure of TCS (300 and 600 mg/kg BW/day from PND 22 to PND 63) to observe the age of the onset of puberty, weights of the reproductive organs, alterations in the levels of testicular cholesterol, serum testosterone, and histopathology of the testis in the young laboratory mice. TCS exposure caused a significant delay in the age of prepuce separation, an indicator of the onset of puberty. Its exposure from PND 22 to PND 63 resulted in significant reductions in the weights of the testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle, levels of testicular cholesterol, and serum testosterone in the young mice at PND 64. Testicular histology of such mice also showed regressive changes in the seminiferous tubules, indicating the interference of TCS in the process of spermatogenesis. The findings of the present study, therefore, reveal that TCS delays the age of onset of puberty and interferes with the endocrine functions of the testis. 08 Jun, 2022 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-7-121.php Background: The weight of a newborn is measured for the first time shortly after birth. The World Health Organization divides newborns’ birth weight into three categories: low birth weight (2.5 kg), normal birth weight (2.5 kg-4 kg), and high birth weight (> 4 kg). Both the mother and the infant are at risk of mortality and morbidity as a result of their birth weight. Using hierarchical data, there is scant evidence in Ethiopia of factors linked with birth weight. The goal of this study was to use a multilevel ordinal logistic regression model to investigate geographical variance and factors related to baby birth weight. Methods: Using missing factors in datasets, data for this study was collected from the Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey 2016. To address missing data and increase the inference’s reliability, hot deck multiple imputations were utilized. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model was used to examine factors associated with birth weight. R software was used for analysis. Results: The study took into account a total of 8,328 newborns. According to a descriptive study, 1292 (15.5%) of the 8,328 babies were born with low birth weight, 6143 (73.8%) were born with normal birth weight, and 893 (10.7%) were born with high birth weight. Mother’s age, residence, mother’s age at first birth, wealth index, BMI, anemia level, gestational age, total children, mother delivery, multiple pregnancies, and baby’s sex were all found to be significant factors associated with a birth weight of Ethiopian babies in a multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: The multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that there was significant variance in baby birth weight between and within Ethiopian regions. Among the three multilevel models, the random coefficient model fits the data the best. 20 May, 2021 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-6-120.php This article talks about the practice of surrogacy between national and international countries and also provides relationship that how far countries are developed in the commissioning of surrogacy. Additionally, this article also discusses about the cases with regard to practice of surrogacy in different countries along with exceptions. 11 May, 2021 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-6-119.php Objective: To evaluate the benefit of antibiotic therapy (doxycycline, azithromycin and moxifloxacin) administered to couples with a history of infertility, suspected to suffer from an unrecognized Sexual Transmitted Disease (STI), that was not detected through standard laboratory exams. To evaluate the benefit of the treatment on the basis of improvement of seminal parameters and pregnancy, both natural and assisted. Patients and methods: The outpatient records of 350 infertile couples, were reviewed. Amongst them 136 couples met the study inclusion criteria such as history of infertility, no male or female infertility factors, negativity of laboratory cultural exams in both male and female partners, at least two seminal parameters suggestive for infections, and thus constituted the study sample. All couples were treated with 100 mg Doxycycline (1 tablet twice daily for 15 days a month for two months), 500 mg Azithromycin (1 tablet per day for 3 days every 10 days for 2 months), 400 mg Moxifloxacin (1 tablet per day for 7 days every month for 2 months). Couples were asked to refrain from having sex during the first month of therapy. Semen analyses were performed at the beginning and end of treatment. Statistical analyses comparing seminal parameters before and after treatment were carried out. Results: The mean age of male partners was 36,11 ± 7,03 (range 18-59), while female partners’mean age was 32,7 ± 6,33 (range 18-53). The mean duration of infertility was 3,26 ± 2,69 years. A history or current symptoms of STI was present in 27,9% of females and in 19,9 % of males, while in 11.8% of the sample both partners were symptomatic. In 10,3% of couples at least one miscarriage had occurred before initial evaluation. Before treatment, semen volume was normal in 86,8% and low in 10.3% hyperviscosity was recorded in 59,6% of cases, sperm fluidity was complete and incomplete in 91,2% and 8,8%, respectively. Leukocytospermia and agglutinations were found in 21,4% and 37,5% of subjects, respectively. The baseline sperm count was 17,3 ± 14,4 million/ml and 52,34 ± 52,88 million total, in mean. Asthenospermia was present in 69,1%. The rapid and slow motility were 11,9 ± 9,5 % and 12,1 ± 6,4% in mean, respectively. After antibiotic treatment, all parameters significantly improved compared to baseline figures (all p<0.05). In 27.2% of the sample full term pregnancies were reached in 27,2%. Pregnancies were reached after treatment in a mean time of 3,7 months. Conclusions: Couple infertility of suspected microbial etiology may be effectively treated with an antibiotic treatment regime based on a combination of doxycycline, azithromycin and moxifloxacin, which covers the most common STI pathogens. Following a holistic couple evaluation, this treatment strategy may increase the chance of natural pregnancy and decrease the need for invasive procedures. 21 Jan, 2021 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-6-118.php Introduction: Chronic Endometritis (CE) is a common cause of infertility in asymptomatic patients and its diagnosis and treatments improved assisted reproduction technique outcome in most of the specialized centers. Diagnosis of CE in endometrial biopsy by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain is hard to identify chronic inflammatory cells from the stroma and the use of plasma cells-specific stains is helpful. Aim of the work: Evaluation of the use of CD138 in the identification of plasma cells in endometrial biopsy of patients with previous IVF trial failure. Material and methods: Hysteroscopic and curettage endometrial biopsies from fifty-five females with previous IVF trial failure were stained with H&E and CD138 immunostaining for detection of plasma cells. Results: Plasma cells were identified in 52.7% of cases by H&E and in 6/55 by CD138 immunostaining. CD138 is more sensitive in detecting plasma cells in endometrial biopsy than H&E stain. There was a significant statistical correlation between CE and abnormal uterine bleeding, abortion and primary infertility (P> 0.5). Conclusions: Diagnosis of CE is helpful in infertility patients with IVF trial failure to improve the outcome of the maneuver. CD138 is more sensitive for plasma cells especially in endometrial biopsies than H&E. 16 Dec, 2020 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-5-117.php Objective: The aim of this work is to describe and identify the characteristics that can influence the care of these infertile couples. Material and method: This is a prospective, monocentric study, extending over a period of four years. It is descriptive of a sample of 760 infertile couples treated in the gynaecology and obstetrics department of the Oran hospital and university establishment of 1st November 1954. Results: The study revealed that primary infertility was 74%. The average duration of infertility was 4.8 ± 0.2 years (minimum 6 months, maximum 25 years); the average age of infertile couples was 33.2 ± 0.4 years (minimum 18 years, maximum 45 years) in women and 39.5 ± 0.5 years (minimum 23 years, maximum 71 years) in men. The male origin of infertility was 30.4%, mixed at 29.2%, female at 27% and unexplained at 13.4%. Oligo-astheno-severe teratospermia dominated male infertility at 30.4%. Tubal causes 23.4% and ovulatory causes 22.8% were mainly of female origin of infertility. Conclusion: The study of these characteristics showed a delay in the treatment of infertile couples. The primary type and long duration of infertility and the advanced age of both women and men make the chances of conception minimal. The male origin of infertility is more important than the female origin, suggesting a deterioration in sperm parameters. Tubal causes in the female origin of infertility are important because of the increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted infections. 06 Jul, 2020 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-5-116.php Fertility in India has been steadily declining. It almost reached the replacement level in 2015 to 2016 and evidence shows that proximate determinants has a direct influence on fertility. The study aims at calculating the proximate determinants of fertility in India for the period from 2005 to 06 and 2015 to 16 as well as determine the most significant proximate determinant of fertility in India. It also examines the rural – urban fertility differentials for the year 2015 to 2016. The proximate determinants of fertility for few selected states in India has been calculated from 2015 to 2016. The study of the proximate determinants can help expanding clinical and community based contraceptive distribution, promoting breastfeeding, increasing age at marriage and reduce unintended pregnancies. The study is based on data obtained from National Family and Health Survey Round 3 and National Family and Health Survey Round 4. Bivariate analysis had been done to analyze the distribution of currently married women at age of 15 to 49 by biological and behavioral characteristics as well as decomposition analysis had been used to find the contribution of each indices. It is revealed from the study that an increase in use of contraception has led to decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) over the decade. The knowledge of contraception is almost universal in India. Even after a slight decline in proportion married, there had been a considerably high contribution of the proportion married towards increasing Total Fertility Rate (TFR). It is evident from the decomposition that only the increase in use of contraception has a positive impact on declining fertility. 30 May, 2020 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-5-115.php Achievement of fertility is the expectation and desire of women in reproductive age. However, many women face sub-infertility or infertility. Overconsumption of foods and drinks containing sugar and trans fat are observed to be associated with female infertility. Sugar is commonly added in many sweetened drinks and desserts. Trans fat is ingredients of bakery and processed foods. Overconsumption of sugar and trans fat leading to obesity, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are known to be risk factors for developing of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and fertility problems among women [1]. 27 Feb, 2020 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-5-114.php Candida species are the most frequently isolated fungi, responsible for blood stream and urinary tract infections. Various studies have shown Candida albicans to be associated with impediment of sperm parameters. Therefore to determine the underlying mechanism, the standard strain of Candida albicans (MTCC 1637) was employed and it was found to cause complete immobilization of mouse spermatozoa in vitro. Further, sperm immobilization activity was shown by only cell-free supernatant, indicating that the sperm immobilization factor might be released extracellularly, as no activity was observed with the washed cells. The sperm immobilization factor (SIF) from supernatant was precipitated out with ammonium sulphate at the saturation of 60% to 80% and was purified by gel permeation chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography. 16 Sep, 2019 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-4-113.php POF can be considered as an end stage of multiple disorders that ends by loss of ovarian function [1]. However, there are other terms that include POI, when the condition is different because there may be intermittent and unpredictable resumption of the ovarian activity [2]. 02 Aug, 2019 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-4-112.php Oxidative stress (OS) is a state of imbalance between pro-oxidants (Reactive Oxygen species and Reactive Nitrogen species) and antioxidant defences. It plays a pivotal role in infertility issues (paternal as well as maternal). 16 Apr, 2019 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-4-111.php Early marriage is still widely practiced in many parts of the world mainly in Latin America, the Caribbean, Southern Asia and countries of Africa. Ethiopia has one of the highest rates of early marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main objective of this study was to identify determinants of early marriage among women in Ethiopians and to examine variations in early marriage between and within regions of Ethiopia. The study is made based on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2011 data that has two stages sampling hierarchical structure, collected for 9262 married women nested within eleven regions with age 15-49 years. Descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression model analysis were used to examine the prevalence and identify determinants of early marriage. The results of descriptive statistics shows that Out of the 9,262 married women, 3320(35.8%) of marriages occur 18 years and above while 5942 (64.2%) of these women married early (under 18 years) at the time of the survey. 12 Sep, 2018 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-3-110.php Objectives: To study the prevalence of non- receptive endometrium in patients with tubal factor infertility and to compare that with patients with infertility due to other causes. Further, to analyse the association between endometrial non-receptivity in patients with tubal factor infertility (cases), and their previous history of diagnosis and treatment of genital tuberculosis. 31 Aug, 2017 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-2-109.php Introduction: Proper medical attention and hygienic conditions during delivery can reduce the risk of complications and infections that can cause the death or serious illness of the mother or newborn baby. Home deliveries are common in developing Home deliveries range from 22% in Senegal, 65% in Tanzania, 87.7% in Bangladesh and 94% in Ethiopia. 19 Jun, 2017 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-2-108.php Objective: Sperm motility is one of the most important factor in fertility of men. Because, it describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract and reach the egg in order to ertilize it. Various factors, such as semen quality and other parameters are known to be effect on sperm motility. This study was designed to determine, how semen parameters and individuals age infl uence on sperm motility. 24 Apr, 2017 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-2-107.php Ovarian tissue cryopreservation / transplantation (OTC/OTT) has recently been considered as a well-established rather than an experimental method (at least adopting pragmatic optimism) and turned into a realistic option for a healthy woman needing to delay her childbearing and defer her menopause. 28 Feb, 2017 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-2-106.php Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. However, they sustained fertility at an advanced age. We aimed to evaluate ovarian reserve of the PCOS patients of advanced age and the control groups. 14 Feb, 2017 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-2-105.php In this the major focus is on country India which is chosen as best destination for infertility related issues. what are the major factors for selecting India for IVF Treatment. Let us go through the different factors by understanding the cause of each factor in depth. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-1-104.php Objective: To determine if placing a cryopreserved amniotic membrane product (AmnioGraft) at the time of hysteroscopic treatment for Asherman syndrome will promote regeneration of the endometrium. 14 Oct, 2016 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-1-103.php Periodontal diseases are initiated by a pathogenic biofilm, in a susceptible host, affecting the tooth periodontium. Its possible association with many biologic systems has been studied. In this evidence-based review, a comprehensive literature search was carried out to assess if there is an association between periodontal diseases and female infertility. 18 Jul, 2016 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-1-102.php Aim of the study: Infertility is a relatively common health condition, affecting nearly 15% of all couples, and has been estimated that nearly 50% of infertility cases are due to genetic defects. 26 May, 2016 https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/GJFR-1-101.php Objectives: The objective of this review is to provide synopsis on the latest technology and scientific achievements that have found application in the reproductive medicine.