https://www.organscigroup.us/journals/international-journal-of-oral-and-craniofacial-science A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 10 Apr, 2026 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-12-167.php This study examined the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on osteoblast gene expression in newborn rats. Sixteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups based on their diet: Alcohol, Pair-fed, and Control. Each group received the specific diet for eight weeks before breeding and during the three weeks of gestation. The newborns were euthanized on the fifth day of life, and their calvaria were processed to isolate primary osteoblasts by sequential enzymatic digestion and then cultured for 10 days. After 10 days of osteogenic cell growth, the cells were processed to extract total RNA. Osteogenesis RT Profiler Rat PCR array was used to evaluate gene expression patterns among all groups. The Control group consumed more solids and liquids than the other groups (p < 0> 0.005) and Alcohol (p > 0.005) groups showed a tendency to weight gain, while the Pair-fed group showed a tendency to lose weight (p > 0.005). Out of 84 genes analyzed, 17 showed significant differences between the Alcohol and Pair-fed groups (p &lt; 0.05). Of these, some were downregulated, and others upregulated in the Alcohol group compared to the Pair-fed group. In conclusion, prenatal alcohol exposure alters gene expression related to osteogenic differentiation in newborn rats, with a possible consequence on fetal skeletal development. 03 Dec, 2025 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-11-166.php Aim of the study: This review examines how ageing-related changes in the immune system impact the response to immunotherapy and assesses the potential challenges to treatment tolerance in elderly patients. Methodology: This is a retrospective study of patients with advanced solid cancer treated at Blackrock and St Vincent Private Hospital with immunotherapy as first line in elderly patients. An electronic database search identified patients treated with monotherapy between March 2024 and February 2025. We collected demographics, treatment details, baseline laboratory investigations, adverse events and the outcome of disease for each patient. Data were analysed to determine associations between therapy, clinical characteristics, and baseline laboratory investigations related to disease outcome using the chi-square test and independent samples t-tests. Results: We identified 17 elderly patients with advanced solid cancers who received immunotherapy as first-line systemic treatment. The mean age of the cohort was 77 ± 11 years, with 12 (70%) males. In terms of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, 4 (24%) had an ECOG score of 0, 7 (41%) had an ECOG score of 1, and 6 (35%) had an ECOG score of 2. Additionally, 13 (76%) of the patients had pre-existing comorbidities. The cancer types included 6 (36%) head and neck cancer, 4 (24%) malignant melanoma, 4 (24%) renal cell carcinoma, 2 (11%) lung cancers, and 1 (5%) colon cancer. Radical surgery was offered to 6 (35%) patients, radical radiotherapy to 7 (41%), and concomitant chemotherapy to 4 (24%). The mean duration of immunotherapy was 65 weeks (ranging from 5 to 292 weeks). Among the patients, 11 (64%) experienced autoimmune side effects, with 3 (17%) reporting more than one side effect. The most common adverse effects included fatigue in 6 (35%), skin rash of grades 1-2 in 3 (17%), hypothyroidism in 3 (17%), diarrhoea in 3 (17%), and arthralgia in 1 (5%). The severity of side effects was classified as grade 1 in 6 (35%) patients, grade 2 in 9 (52%), and grade 3 in 1 (5%). Four patients (24%) discontinued immunotherapy, with 3 (17%) due to disease progression and 1 (5%) due to toxicity. Notably, there was no significant difference in demographics, treatment modalities or laboratory findings between patients who experienced adverse events and those who did not. 22 Oct, 2025 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-11-165.php In oral cancer therapy, traditional chemotherapeutic drugs cannot meet clinical needs due to poor targeting, low bioavailability, and severe side effects. Microfluidic technology, with precise fluid manipulation, enables efficient preparation of nanoparticulate drug carriers, realizing “precision fabrication” and “functional design” of nanocarriers. By adapting to oral cancer’s pathological characteristics and personalized treatment needs, it provides a new pathway for oral cancer therapy breakthroughs, with its technical advantages and application potential gradually emerging. 06 Dec, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-10-164.php Aim: The Gubernaculum Dentis (GD) is a structure that serves as the eruption path for permanent teeth, extending from the tooth follicle to the gingiva and including the gubernacular cord. It plays a crucial role in the normal eruption process by providing a defined path for the tooth to emerge through the bone. Radiographically, GD is visible as a radiolucent area, bordered by cortical bone, around the crown of an unerupted tooth on standard X-rays. On Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans, it appears as a hypodense cortical path adjacent to the dental follicle of the unerupted tooth. This study aims to examine the prevalence, radiological appearance, and characteristics of GD in unerupted permanent teeth with CBCT and to investigate its characteristics according to the Demirjian dental calcification scale. Materials and methods: Radiographic images of 75 pediatric patients whose CBCT images were taken for various reasons were analysed retrospectively. The prevalence of GD in the images, types of shapes, attachment sites to the teeth, and areas of openings in the alveolar crest were evaluated. GD angle and length measurements were made on CBCT images. Teeth were classified according to Demirjian tooth development method and the relationship between GD and tooth development was examined. Results: The prevalence of GD was found as 73.5% in the 1055 unerupted teeth that were examined. While the prevalence of GD was 60% in the maxilla, it was found as 87.8% in the mandible. (p &lt; 0.001) When the shapes of GDs were analyzed, the most common shape was flat with 54.8%, followed by rectangular with 38.7%. When the opening sites of teeth with GD were examined, the highest rate was found in palatinal and lingual with 57.8%, followed by the crest apex with 40.9%. The mean GD angle was found as 6.260, while the mean length was found as 3.93 mm. According to the Demirjian tooth calcification scale, the highest rate of GD was seen in stage C teeth with 92.7%, while the lowest rate of GD was seen in stage A teeth with 33.3% (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it was found that GD was mostly in the maxilla and flat. GD length value was found to be higher in the mandibular teeth, Demirjian scale A and especially canine teeth. 23 Oct, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-10-163.php Understanding the anatomical relationship between the Hypoglossal Nerve (HN) and the Facial Vein (FV) is crucial during neck dissections for head and neck cancer. The consistent placement of the HN beneath the FV provides a reliable anatomical landmark, aiding in the preservation of nerve function and reducing surgical complications. This paper reviews the anatomical pathway of the HN, its clinical implications, and surgical observations from 87 cases. Techniques for protecting the HN during neck dissection are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of precise surgical planning to avoid postoperative complications. 19 Mar, 2024 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-10-162.php The present case report describes a successful surgical case of coronectomy of a fully impacted lower third molar in close relationship with the Inferior Alveolar Nerve (IAN) that was trapped in the furcation roots of the lower third molar. It was associated with a dentigerous cyst. Dynamic Navigation (DN) was used to minimize iatrogenic injuries to the IAN. Coronectomy and cyst removal were successfully performed. High surgical accuracy was provided thanks to the dynamic navigation system that allows the surgeon to perform the procedures without direct vision during the surgery. No neurological damage or other intraoperative complications occurred. One month later, the patient reported a dental abscess to the left mandibular second molar without wound dehiscence which required antibiotic and endodontic therapy. After 2 years, no long-term postoperative complications were reported and follow-up radiographs showed complete bone mineralization. In conclusion, technological support of DN in Coronectomy seems to avoid IAN injury and reduce postoperative complications. 30 Dec, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-9-161.php This study was initiated at the Faculty of Food Engineering within the Mihai I University of Life Sciences in Timișoara, with the aim of identifying the effect of dark chocolate with a high concentration of cocoa on the microbial population in the oral cavity, which facilitates the formation of dental plaque, tartar and implicitly the appearance of dental caries. The specialized literature directed us to this study and we wanted to highlight the presence of microorganisms that can be isolated from the oral cavity and the effectiveness of this treatment - the consumption of dark chocolate after meals, in small quantities. The methods for isolating microorganisms were the classic ones imposed by the standards. The results obtained confirmed the bactericidal effect of dark chocolate with a high cocoa content. In conclusion, the consumption of a quantity of 10 grams of dark chocolate, after the meal exerted a beneficial effect on oral hygiene, by reducing the number of acidogenic microorganisms. 20 Sep, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-9-160.php Background: Face morphometry has been shown to work as a diagnosis tool in a set of syndromes. Face similarities are usually indications of more complete genetic similarities. Purpose: To show preliminary results on the face morphometry profile of the Cuban population and to argue that it could be used to define early markers for diseases like Alzheimer’s. Methods: A dataset composed of photos of 200000 men is processed. Facial landmarks are extracted by means of the DLIB library and distances between them are computed. By clustering samples with similar facial traits, groups are formed and their densities inside the population are computed. Results: The face morphometry profiles for two age cohorts are obtained, showing the population dynamics. Genes involved in facial development are shown to be related to Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion: Late multifactorial diseases develop against the genetic background of each individual, which is expressed by its face morphometry. The latter can be thus considered a risk marker. 04 Apr, 2023 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-9-159.php The importance of occlusion to practicing dentists is immense as it plays a key role in the success or failure of restorative procedures. This article attempts to demystify and present an overview of the complex topic of occlusion and its principles which are important for the success of restorative procedures. The article discusses the principles of occlusion as these apply to restorative dentistry. It provides a guide as to what is required to optimize the occlusion for restorative treatment outcomes, including conformative and reorganized approaches. Occlusion and its effect on the temporomandibular joint are also presented. The topic is clinically relevant as it will help the practitioners to understand the key concepts of occlusion and help improve the outcome of their restorative dental procedures. 27 Oct, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-158.php Aim: The Zygomatic complex [ZMC], being one of the most commonly fractured bones in the facial skeleton, is largely underreported in the literature. This study was designed to evaluate the pattern of fractures, symptomatology, and treatment modalities at our institution. Materials and methods: Information on patients’ sociodemographics, the pattern of fractures, symptomatology, radiologic diagnosis, and treatment modalities were accessed from patients’ records on our trauma register. Data collected was analyzed with SPSS 20 and the level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: A total of 105 patients aged 19-66 years had ZMC fractures during the study period. A male preponderance was observed [M: F = 3.8:1] and road traffic crashes [RTC] accounted for the majority of fractures [79.0%]. There was a statistically significant relationship between RTC and fractures among the age groups [X2 = 33.61, df = 5, p = 0.001]. Fractures at the zygomatico-frontal [ZF] and in combination with zygomaticomaxillary [ZM] sutures were the commonest finding on imaging [39.1% % 28.6% respectively]. Subconjunctival and circumorbital ecchymosis [92.4% and 91.4% respectively] were the commonest symptomatology. Eighty four patients (80 %) were managed via surgical intervention and the most commonly employed surgical modality was mini plates [1.0mm] fixation across either ZF [n = 33, 39.3%] or ZM [n = 21, 25.0%] suture lines. Conclusion: This study revealed that RTC remains a major aetiology of ZMC fractures and mini plate ostheosynthesis was the mainstay of surgical management. Enforcement of road safety regulations on speed and the use of protective measures by road users is imperative. 18 Oct, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-157.php The reconstruction of the palate has been a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon, due to the multiple complications that arise, such as infection, dehiscence, and fall of the flap used. We present the description of a new radial free flap fixation technique, commonly used for this type of reconstruction. This transosteal fixation technique prevents dehiscence and flap descent in all cases performed, by combining two widely used procedures, the radial free flap, and the Lefort I osteotomy, with excellent results. 14 Oct, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-156.php Purposes: 1. to measure Gingival Thickness (GT) both directly and with CBCT using various exposure times, and compare them. 2. to compare hard tissue measurements between different exposure times within each CBCT system. The study hypothesis was that accuracy of CBCT GT measurement is impaired when reducing exposure time. Methods: 8 fresh pig maxillae were utilized for each of two CBCT scan systems (SysA and SysB). Eight disposable dental needles were inserted into the gingival tissue of each jaw until reaching resistance from the underlying bone. A mark on each needle at its entrance point into the soft tissue was created using a permanent marker. Jaws were scanned twice, using low (RadL) and high (RadH) exposure times. The needles were extruded, and an electronic caliper was used to measure the length of the penetrated portion of the needle in mm (Cli). Radiographic GT was measured on cross sectional images, produced in the axial direcion of the 3D location of the needles (Rad) in two software systems (R and I). Descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA were performed. Significance was set at 5%. Results: Software I mean Cli was 2.22mm ± 0.54mm, RadL and RadH were 2.34mm ± 0.47mm and 2.34mm ± 0.52mm. Software R RadL and RadH were 2.16mm ± 0.50mm and 2.23mm ± 0.49mm, respectively. Using pairwise comparisons, both soft and hard tissue RadL and RadH were not statistically different. There was a good correlation between clinical and radiographic measurements of gingival thickness and essentially no significant difference between higher and lower radiation doses. Conclusions: Reducing CBCT radiation may be possible without affecting accuracy of radiographic gingival thickness measurements , thus opening the way to a wider utilization of CBCT in dentistry. Clinical relevance: Reducing radiation dose may enable a wider utilization of CBCT in dentistry. 02 Sep, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-155.php It is common to observe anterior teeth that present white opacities of enamel in relation to hypomineralization. These lesions alter social life of children and adults. There is a recent non-invasive treatment that can remove these stains without loss of substance, keeping tooth structure intact. This treatment modifies the optical properties of the white spot by infiltrating a polymer based on trimethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). This short article presents a method called erosion/ infiltration, which our team first described. Dentists must be aware of it, in order to treat patients with either fluorosis, MIH or trauma, so that much more invasive treatments such as veneers and crown can be avoided. 11 Aug, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-154.php Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of salivary and lacrymal glands, causing oral and ocular dryness [1]. The syndrome was named by Swedish ophthalmologist Henrik Sjögren, who identified it in 1933. 21 Jun, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-153.php New technological developments in modern dental medicine offer clinicians insight and treatment advances to many outdated, dogmatic concepts that have been widely believed for many years, despite there being a lack of scientific evidence to support them. This is especially true in the field of Dental Occlusion, whose scientific development has been hampered by the use of traditional, non-digital occlusal indicators that do not quantify occlusion, other than possibly describing “contact area”. 28 Mar, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-152.php Background: To assess the oral health knowledge and awareness among urban and rural school teachers in and around Bareilly. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 279 school teachers of rural and urban, Bareilly using a questionnaire to assess the knowledge, and awareness regarding oral health. Descriptive analysis was done and data were analyzed using chi-square and ANOVA test. Results: The age of the teachers ranged from 19-50 years with a mean age of 36.73±10.5 years. Among them, 17.20%(48) were males and 82.7% (231) females, among which 75% of the population brushed their teeth twice daily. Most of the teachers (40.38%) used a brush and paste and 57% of teachers changed their brushes every 3mnths, 10% in every 6 months while 27% were those who changes their brush when their bristles get frayed up. Conclusion: From the results of the study, it is evident that school teachers in both urban and rural areas, with more emphasis on the rural area, need to be provided with adequate training on effective oral hygiene practices. 18 Feb, 2022 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-8-151.php Background: The purpose of this article is to verify the possible correlation between TMD (Temporomandibular Disorders) and different types of malocclusions in adult subjects and subsequently that between TMD and previous orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in San Paolo e Carlo Hospital, associates of the University of Milan, for a period of 2 years (1st February 2019 – 3rd March 2020), on 374 adult patients (244 females and 130 males). The subjects underwent an intraoral examination with a gnathological assessment, in order to distinguish those who suffered from TMD and those who did not. Secondly, the patients were subjected to orthodontic examination to identify those who had previously undergone orthodontic treatment, assessing through an extraoral and intraoral examination, the dental class, the type of dental bite and the presence or absence of a midline deviation. Results: The data analysis revealed a statistically significant association between TMD and gender (p= 0.023, OR= 1.66). The association between class I, II, III malocclusions and the presence of TMD was found to be statistically significant: p&lt;0.0001 (OR= 4.04) and that between open/deep bite and the presence of TMD too: p= 0.003 (OR= 1.89). Moreover, the correlation between midline deviation and the presence of TMD was statistically significant: p&lt;0.0001 (OR=7.48). On the other hand, no correlation was found between TMD and previous orthodontic treatment (p= 0.918). Conclusions: The available data revealed a statistically significant association between TMD and malocclusions, related to dental class and bite and midline deviation, although the existing results in the literature are controversial regarding this association. While no statistically significant correlation was found between TMD and previous orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic therapy, therefore, by correcting occlusion anomalies, could reduce the risk of TMD incidence. Finally, longitudinal studies with adequate statistical power are needed to clarify the possible interrelationships between TMD and malocclusions. 05 Nov, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-7-150.php Introduction: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has transformed the manner in which radiological evaluation is performed. Methods: This article discusses the different aspects of CBCT, common dental applications of CBCT for diagnosis and treatment in different dental specialties from the current literature. Results: CBCT has been widely accepted into different dental practices. The main reasons are the decreased size, low cost, less exposure to radiation as compared to computed tomography. CBCT enables the three dimensional assessment of the region of maxilla, mandible, cranium, and associated structures. Conclusions: Dentists and dental specialists can utilize three dimensional radiography- CBCT for a comprehensive diagnosis. CBCT can also help in identifying the structures such as root canals, bifurcated canals, supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth in different planes and thus are a valuable tool for dental treatment planning. 15 Apr, 2021 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-7-149.php When we turn on either news channels or social media, we can see the interesting news about plans of colonizing Mars or other planets. However, at the same time it also mentioning the difficulties, uncertainties and cost of the projects. All these because Earth is the only known and proven planet is having liveable environment in the Universe. An environment is the natural surroundings that help living things to grow, develop and nourish naturally and determines our existence on the planet possible. What we are using for our own existence is coming from the environment. If the stability of the environment disturbed, the very own existence of the life will become questionable. One of most affecting thing to the environment stability is pollution. 18 Nov, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-6-148.php Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of immediate and delayed implant placment protocols. Materials and methods: The 52 patients with missing thoot (from 2014 to 2019) were selected for the study, total 64 implants were placed. All patients presented functional and esthetic complaints and underwent a thorough clinical examination according to a generally accepted scheme. Computed tomography were obtained to determine the osseos structure. To conduct a comparative analysis of the treatments results, two groups were formed: -Basic group of 28 patients -were placed 36 immediate implants. -Control group of 24 patients-3-5 months after extraction of tooth were placed 28 delayed implants. Postoperative outcomes; infection, radio-density, resorption and failure of implants were checked clinically and radiographically using serial orthopantomograms or CT scan. The implants stability were evaluated with measures of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) during the follow-up periods using Osstell Mentor at time of implant placement, after 3-6 months. The functional load on dental implants was performed with ISQ values above 65. Dental prosthetic rehabilitation was performed after 3-6 months of submerged healing in 35 patients. Early dental prosthetic loaded in 17 patients (9 patients in basic group and 8 control group). Results: No serious intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications were noted. After a 24-month follow-up period, the basic group resulted in a mean bone loss of 1.04 and the control group of 1.02mm, there were no statistically significant differences. Clinical comparing delayed and immediate implant placement there were no statistically significant differences effect on soft tissue recession outcomes. Clinical outcome of implants immediately placed into extraction sockets of teeth affected by chronic lesions was examined. 11 Patients with periapical infection and 17 patients without it for immediate placement were chosen. No significant differences were found with periapical infection and without in the basic group patients, no signs of infection around the implants were detected at any control visit. The survival rate of early-loaded implants placed in extraction sockets demonstrated no implants failures. There are no significant differences in implant stability between immediate and delayed implants. Immediately placed implants were included with an initial primary stability over 65 ISQ and 71.1 ISQ delayed implants. The differences in these results were not statistically significant. Success rate of immediately placed implants 5 years after was 97,8% and delayed implants 98,1%. The survival rate of early-loaded implants placed in extraction sockets 96,2%. Conclusion: There are no significant differences in immediate and delayed implants. After dental implant prosthetic rehabilitation, the masticatory function, esthetics of the facial profile and occlusion was improved. 07 Nov, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-6-147.php Epidermal inclusion cyst is painless, rare slow-growing swelling in midline due to the inclusion of ectodermal tissue into unusual sites. These cysts are covered under the teratomas category due to the absence of skin appendages within their squamous epithelium-lined thin walls. Testes and ovaries are the common sites of occurrence of epidermal cysts [1]. In the head and neck region these are mostly seen in the lateral third of the eyebrows. 16 Jul, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-6-146.php The X-ray evaluation of alveolar bone graft in lip-toveal palatines is one of the relevant topics in the management of this type of pathology since there are several studies conducted with parameters that are taken to determine the timing of the graft and its feasibility, as well as find the most accurate form and measure the integration of grafting dares of radiographic studies. Objective: to measure the radiographic integration of secondary alveolar graft in the closure of alveolar fissures of patients with cleft lip and palate. Material and method: observational, analytical, retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive, open, and series of cases from May 2013 to August 2019. Results: The radiographic size of the preoperative and postoperative bone defect was measured, both on the Chelsea scale and the planimetry proposed in this study. In alveolar planimetry, Wilcoxon’s test for horizontal dimension showed no significant difference, the vertical dimension in initial X-ray versus subsequent showed significant difference to treatment. For the Chelsea scale, a square Xi analysis was performed comparing initial vs. later X-rays, showing that there is significant difference. Conclusions: The results demonstrate greater integration than reported in international literature. Orthopedic treatment, reaching GOSLON 1, helps us from a more stable and close anatomical state to reconstruction. The planimetry proposed in this study adds detail to other scales, as it showed more sensitivity than the Chelsea scale. 29 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-6-145.php Objective: Quantitatively assess bone density in maxillary sinus lifting with ABB (Bio-Oss®), using Cone-Beam computed tomography 6 months after surgery. Material and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted between February 2018 and February 2019 on 33 Cone-Beam tomographic studies of 29 adult patients of both genders, with maxillary sinus floor lift, using Bio-Oss® small particles ( 0.25-1um), large particles (1-2um) or a 50-50 % mix of both, always using Bio-Gide® membranes, in order to measure bone density through Hounsfield Units (UH) after 6 months of healing. 02 Apr, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-6-144.php The applications of titanium based alloys are widely used as orthopedic implants due to their excellent combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and outstanding biocompatibility. Recently studies have been demonstrated titanium-niobium alloys do not present cytotoxicity, exhibit corrosion resistance similar or superior to titanium and have elastic modulus significantly lower than other titanium alloys. These characteristics make these materials an alternative for several biomedical applications, mainly implants. Previous studies demonstrated that Ti-35Nb alloy exhibits the closest elastic modulus of bone, and have good performance in key parameters of osteogenesis, which means that this alloy has an excellent biological profile and shows a great potential for biomedical application. In the present study it was demonstrated that Ti-35Nb alloy did not present DNA damage. Thus, these results consolidate this alloy has a promising material to substitution to the materials currently used in orthopedics and in dentistry, with absence of cytotoxity and genotoxity. 07 Feb, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-6-143.php Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by focal demyelinating lesions in the white matter of the brain or spinal cord. When MS affects the nerves in a person’s eyes, it can cause Optic Neuritis (ON). We have investigated the microvascular pattern of the nerve head performing the evaluation of its fractal dimension (geometric complexity). Mean geometric complexity of the optic nerve head microvascularity in the affected eye in patients with multiple sclerosis resulted higher than in control normal subjects (p&lt;0.01), and, moreover, the unaffected eye in patients with multiple sclerosis showed a geometric complexity that was not significantly different from the one of the affected eye and higher than in control normal subjects (p&lt;0.01). These data, if confirmed in a higher number of patients, could show a characteristic microvascular pattern of the optic nerve head in subjects affected by multiple sclerosis, giving us a possible tool to identify earlier subjects that can develop multiple sclerosis. 21 Jan, 2020 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-6-142.php Purpose: We have a high percentage of ageing population that is extensively restored. As the number of restorations will increase so will the chances of restoration failure; subsequently their management will become an ever-increasing challenge to the profession. In cases of Fixed Partial Denture (FPD) supported by multiple abutments or Multiple Connected Full-Coverage Restorations (MCFCR); endodontic/periodontal involvement of even a single abutment negatively affects the prognosis of the prosthesis as a whole. Often the decision made by clinician to remove the fixed bridge or MCFCR, extract the tooth in question and make a new FPD is not appreciated by the patient. 13 Sep, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-5-141.php Metastatic lesions to the oral cavity are extremely rare, accounting for approximately 1% of all malignant oral tumours [1]. Although an uncommon tumour, Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of renal tumour presenting in adults, originating from the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule. It is responsible for approximately 90%–95% of all cases in kidney cancer [1]. 15 May, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-5-140.php Development of black triangles following surgical periodontal therapy in severe cases of periodontitis is a common complication faced by patients and clinicians. Restoring the natural form of the interdental area is of utmost importance especially when the anterior aesthetic zone is involved. A wide variety of approaches have been advocated to manage such aesthetic endeavours, which range from soft tissue manipulation to masking with restorative materials. However, the management of black triangles, particularly in cases of treated severe periodontal disease, requires a multidisciplinary approach to recreate the papillary anatomy. This presentation is a case report on management of a case with severe papillary recession occurring after flap surgery. The patient was treated with a combined approach with papilla reconstruction surgery using Coronally Advanced Flap (CAF) and Palatal Pedicle Rotation (PPR) graft and direct composite build-up. 17 Apr, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-5-139.php Introduction: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is a collective term used to describe a complex and multifactorial disorders of the orofacial region. Symptoms commonly associated with TMD include TMJ pain, limited mandibular movement or locking and painful clicking or popping sounds. Most of patients diagnosed with TMD are initially treated conservatively. Failure of such conservatism poses a great challenge for the treating physician. Prolotherapy has been used successfully in many joints in the body by orthopedics and spinal surgeons. Injection prolotherapy has also been used in management of weakening tendons or ligaments in head and neck. Aim of the study: To evaluate the efficacy of dextrose prolotherapy with 12.5% concentration in the treatment of intractable temporomandibular joint dysfunction. 12 Mar, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-5-138.php Background: Temporomandibular disorders are pathological conditions which involve temporomandibular joint. Their etiopathogenesis is multifactorial. Therefore it’s interesting to analyse their correlation with other structures of the oral cavity such as tongue. The context and purpose of the study: to investigate the eventual correlations between temporomandibular disorders and atypical swallowing and between temporomandibular disorders and dyslalia in adult subjects. It is also studied the association between atypical swallowing and dyslalia in temporomandibular disorders and in healthy patients. 26 Feb, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-5-137.php Background: The use of the patient’s own tissues in surgery increases the morbidity rate, whereas the use of injected or implanted materials can cause allergic reactions in the body mostly via immunogenic pathways. In addition, absorbable suture materials and some fillers used in almost all surgical applications can cause reactions in the body. Objective: The use of human amniotic membrane (HAM) as a suture and/or filling material has been successfully investigated in many areas to solve or minimize these problems. 22 Feb, 2019 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-5-136.php Background: The most incident and the most persistent complication following cleft palate repair is oronasal fistula. Fistulas involving the soft palate may be corrected via excision and primary closure; however fistulas of the hard palate constitue a majör challange. Aims: In this study, in order to reduce the rate of oronasal fistula following cleft palate surgery, we present postoperative use of palatal gauze dressing. 31 Mar, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-4-135.php The objective is to evaluate the effects of maxillary protraction by means of a bimaxillary bone anchorage as well as its progress by fixing mini plates in patients with Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Sequela, based on the protocol of Clerck and Cha et al. HGO CM La Raza and the Technological University of Mexico UNITEC. 02 Jan, 2018 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-4-134.php Objectives: 1) To give a description for dental caries status of children suffer ing primary nephrotic syndrome in National Children’s Hospital 2016-2017; 2) to provide a comment on mentioned-above children dental caries rate related factors. 14 Dec, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-133.php Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the clinical performance of the conventional flowable composite resin restoration, using one- step adhesive system versus the novel self-adhesive flowable composite restoration. 05 Dec, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-132.php Purpose: The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence of temporomandibular Joint disorders (TMDs), among dental university student in Yemen. 25 Oct, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-131.php Orbital fractures are relatively common midfacial injuries encountered in urban areas. Patients usually are seen with periorbitaloedema and restricted eye movements with or without changes in vision. 29 Sep, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-130.php Background: Modification of the surgical laser technique could make it useful in dental implantology. 30 Aug, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-129.php Background: The interest in three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic treatment planning has been growing, especially for evaluation of the natural head position. Several three-dimensional devices are available on the market. Three-dimensional evaluation of the patient will probably soon be a standard tool/method in orthognathic treatment planning. Purpose: The purpose of the study was a clarifi cation of the literature for studies regarding the natural head position in three-dimensional imaging. 14 Aug, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-128.php Background: New tools for bone-cutting were introduced to oral and maxillofacial surgery in the last decade, such as lasers and piezotomes. Purpose: to evaluate most recent evidence, when surgical procedures performed with drills or burs are compared with laser- and/or piezotome-surgical procedures in experimental and clinical studies and to assess possible advantages of their use in daily practice. 17 Jul, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-127.php Uvula is a key organ in functions like speech, deglutition and mastication. The majority of the world population has a uvula that is conical in shape, 28 Jun, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-126.php Transmigration, a phenomenon most often involving mandibular canine, refers to the migration of an unerupted tooth from its normal position to the contralateral side. Bilateral mandibular canine impaction with transmigration is a rare occurrence. 24 Jun, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-125.php Disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR), which is common among the temporomandibular disorders (TMD’s) may be diffi cult to deal with by the clinician. 08 Feb, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/articles/IJOCS-3-124.php Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an abnormal decrease of platelets of unknown etiologic causes. Clinical manifestations include muco-cutaneous bleeding (petechia, purpura, ecchymosis), epistaxis and/or GI bleeding. 31 Jan, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-3-123.php Solitary fi brous tumors (SFTs) were fi rstly reported in the pleura by Klemperer and Rabin [1], in 1931. These tumors are rare lesions and most commonly arise in the thoracic cavity [2]. 09 Jan, 2017 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-3-122.php Objective: Dental bleaching offers a conservative, simplified, and low cost approach to change the color of discolored teeth. The aim of this study is to present the restoration made with porcelain laminate veneers after vital bleaching. 01 Nov, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-121.php Introduction Osseointegration has been used to define a direct structural and functional connection between ordered living bone and the surface of a load carrying implant [1]. 10 Sep, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-120.php ntroduction Mental Foramen is a small foramen situated in anterolateral aspect of the body of the mandible. Normally, Mental Foramen is located below the interval between the premolars [1]. It transmits mental nerve, artery and vein. Mental nerve is a branch of inferior alveolar nerve which supplies sensation to lower lip and the labial mucosa and lower canines and premolars. The most useful injection for anaesthetizing the mandibular teeth is the inferior alveolar nerve block [2]. To anaesthetize the anterior teeth, including the premolars and canines, it is possible to avoid giving inferior alveolar nerve block by injecting anesthetic solution adjacent to the Mental Foramen. 24 Aug, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-119.php Introduction Dental erosion appears to be a relatively recent condition. The interest in studying dental erosion has arisen in recent decades, especially following the decline in prevalence of dental caries in children from developed countries [1-4]. Dental erosion has been defined as a progressive irreversible loss of dental hard tissues by a chemical process, not involving bacteria [5-7]. The typical clinical features of dental erosion in anterior teeth include silky-glazed appearance (absence of perikymata) of intact enamel along the gingival margin; while posterior teeth are manifested with cupping and grooving on occlusal surfaces [8]. The fact that some individuals are more prone to develop dental erosion reflects the multifactorial nature whereby interaction of chemical, biological and behavioural factors explains such variation [9,10]. 05 Aug, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-118.php Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) spreads regionally to the lymphatic system [1]. An important prognostic factor for head and neck cancer is the lymph node metastasis, which may reduce five-year survival rate by 50% [2]. However, controversy still remains regarding the optimal techniques to determine if patients with a clinically negative neck (cN0) actually have lymph node metastases. 09 Jul, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-117.php Introduction The clinical success of dental implants is dependent on successful osseointegration. An important parameter for achieving osseointegration is the establishment of direct contact between the surface of the implant and the surrounding bone. There have been numerous studies indicating that implant surface roughness affects the rate of osseointegration [1-4]. 13 May, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-116.php Introduction The major cause of endodontic failure is the survival of microorganisms in the apical portion of root filled teeth, of which, E.faecalis is considered one of the primary organisms in patients with post treatment endodontic infection [1]. Enterococci were first placed under genus streptococcus, however studies demonstrated a more distant relationship with streptococci [2]. In 1984, enterococci were given a formal genus status after DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybridization. They are gram positive facultative anaerobic coccoid bacteria which can occur singly, in pairs or as short chains. Enterococci grow at temperatures ranging from 10-450C, at pH 9.6 and in 6.5% (NaCl) sodium chloride and can survive at 600C for 30 minutes. E.faecalis in particular, possesses certain virulence factors including lytic enzymes, aggregation substance, pheromones and lipoteichoic acid [3]. 04 May, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-115.php Introduction Opportunistic pathogens have been known to be detected form saliva, dental plaque, and tonsil [1-3]. These pathogens of itself are not pathogenic for the healthy subjects, however, these pathogens cause serious status for the immunocompromised patients or elderly subjects. 29 Apr, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-114.php Introduction The embryonic process of odontogenesis is originated by two main embryonic tissues which are ectoderm and the underlying ectomesenchyme. The interaction between both two components leads tooth development throughout different phases known as initial stage, bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, appositional stage and root development [1]. 09 Mar, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-113.php Introduction Oral cancer is ranked as the sixth most common cancers in the world [1]. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) which are clinically evident precede most of the oral squamous cell carcinomas [2]. Most cancers of the oral cavity are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), and tobacco, alcohol and betel use are the main risk factors for these and many OPMDs [3,4]. The high risk group is older adult males who use tobacco and alcohol. It is expected that early diagnosis of OPMDs can reduce mortality [5,6]. Early diagnosis of OSCC can speed proceeding early intervention to treatment and can improve the prognosis [7]. Conventional oral examination (COE) is the standard method of revealing OPMDs and OSCC, confirming the clinical suspicion by biopsy. 07 Mar, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-112.php Introduction Fractal analysis is a very useful tool in the understanding of many phenomena in various fields, such as astrophysics, economics, biology and medicine. Interesting results have also been achieved in bacteriology, medical imaging and ophthalmology (e.g. diabetic retinopathy) [1-6]. 25 Feb, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-111.php Introduction The incidence of cancer worldwide is on a rise, accounting it to be the second most common disease, first being the coronary heart disease [1]. The losses of cellular regulation that gives rise to most or all cases of cancer are due to genetic damage. Mutations, in two broad classes of genes – proto-oncogenes (eg, ras) and tumor suppressor genes (eg, APC) – play key roles in cancer induction. These genes encode many kinds of proteins that help control cell growth and proliferation. All human tumors have inactivating mutations in genes that normally act at various cell-cycle checkpoints to stop a cell’s progress through the cell cycle if a previous step has occurred incorrectly or if DNA has been damaged [2]. 10 Feb, 2016 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-2-110.php Introduction Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS), being first described in 1872 [1], is an unusual vascular neoplasm that most likely arises from endothelial cells, with some evidence of lymphatic origin. Different clinical and epidemiological variants have been identified. Lesions of KS typically manifests as bluish-purple macules and plaques on the skin, particularly of the face and lower extremities. Oral mucosa, lymph nodes and visceral organs may be affected, sometimes without cutaneous involvement. 24 Nov, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-109.php Introduction The basic aim in the prevention of dental decay is to reduce the factors creating decay and to increase the protective approaches [1]. Complete elimination cannot be provided of the pathogen bacteria in the dentin to remove the decay lesion. When minimally invasive cavity design is planned to prevent excessive substance loss, this problem becomes more important. Bacteria remaining in the dentin tissue under a restoration may cause secondary decay and pulpal inflammation [2]. After physical removal of the decay lesion, the elimination of bacteria and bacterial by-products is necessary [2,3]. In previous studies, cavity disinfectants, antibacterial restorative materials, laser, light-activated disinfection systems and ozone have been used for this purpose [3]. 12 Nov, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-108.php Introduction Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is an alternative treatment for dental caries used to remove demineralized and insensitive outer carious dentin with hand instruments only. Therefore, no electricity or anesthesia is required and pain, usually experienced in conventional cavity preparation, is kept to a minimum. Originally, ART was developed for use in developing rural countries. More recently, ART has become increasingly accepted in developed countries because of its “atraumatic” approach in relation to the stress and pain experienced by patients [1,2]. ART consists of caries removal using hand instrument combined with the use of a modern restorative material with adhesive characteristics. 19 Oct, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-107.php Introduction Nasal obstruction is considered a risk factor in sleep-disordered breathing [1–3], which has a very negative impact on quality of life in children and adults with increased daytime sleepiness [4]. This symptom resembles that of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) caused by episodes of upper airway obstruction leading to episodic hypercapnic hypoxia which alters upper airway muscle structure and fiber type expression [5]. 31 Jul, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-106.php Introduction The morphology of jaws are made in such way that they aid in both function and aesthetics of a person. The main function of the soft palate is that it separates the nasal and oral part of pharynx that in turn aids in speech and swallowing. The velophayngeal (VP) valve consists of soft palate, lateral walls of pharynx and posterior walls of pharynx. During speech, the soft palate is raised that controls the airflow through the nose and mouth and lateral and posterior walls of pharynx constricts to produce speech [1]. 05 Jun, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-105.php Introduction Dental caries is one of the most common chronic infectious disease of childhood, caused by the interaction of bacteria, mainly Streptococcus mutans, and sugary foods on tooth enamel. These bacteria break down sugars for energy, causing an acidic environment in the mouth and result in demineralization of the enamel of the teeth and dental caries [1 1. Colak H, Dulgergil CT, Dalli M, Hamidi MM (2013) Early childhood caries update: a review of causes, diagnosis, and treatments. J Nat Sci Biol Med 4: 29–38. ]. Dental caries in infants and toddlers is now collectively known as Early childhood caries (ECC). Early childhood caries results in a considerable direct burden of pain and suffering as well as poorer general health of the children. 16 May, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-104.php Introduction Surgical therapy in patients with peripheral nerve injuries has not presented changes over the last decades due to the use of autologous grafts, development of intraoperative magnification, and proven deleterious effects of tension at neural repair site and despite all the advancements achieved, functional repair results are still imperfect [1 1. Tuma JP, Ferreira MC, Nakamoto HA, Milcheski DA, Cheroto FA (2008) Influence of immunosupression on nerve regeneration using allografts: an experimental study on rats. Acta Ortop Bras 16: 41-44. ]. In case of significant damage to nerve tissue, severely-damaged nerves do not spontaneously restore their function and their continuity has to be first reestablished by microsurgical intervention such as suture or interposition of a graft [2 2. Pfister LA, Papaloizos M, Merkle HP, Gander B (2007) Nerve conduits and growth factor delivery in peripheral nerve repair. J Peripher Nerv Syst 12: 65-82. ,3 3. Schmidt CE, Leach JB (2003) Neural tissue engineering: strategies for repair and regeneration. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 5: 293-347. ]. A widely accepted method used by most surgeons involves bridging the defect with an autologous donor nerve. However, it has disadvantages of sacrificing functional nerves [4 4. Mohammadi R, Azizi S, Delirezh N, Hobbenaghi R, Amini K (2012) Transplantation of uncultured omental adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction improves sciatic nerve regeneration and functional recovery through inside-out vein graft in rats. J Trauma 72: 390-396. ]. 23 Apr, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-103.php Patients undergoing oral anticoagulation treatment with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy are at a high risk of bleeding when undergoing an oral surgical procedure. Bridging therapy with parenteral heparin, aims to protect these patients against thromboembolism during temporary periprocedural interruption of VKA therapy. Whether or not to interrupt VKA therapy and initiate bridging therapy is a difficult decision that is based upon both the patient's and the procedure's risks. The management of anticoagulation in patients undergoing surgical procedures is challenging because Interruption of anticoagulation temporarily increases thromboembolic risk and potentially fatal, while, continuing anticoagulation increases the risk of bleeding associated with surgical procedures; both of these outcomes adversely affect mortality. 31 Mar, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-102.php Introduction Although the incidence of zygoma- and related orbital-floor fractures decreased over the years towards the turn of the millennium for road-vehicle-accident related causes in the overall population of countries with mandatory passive and active safety-devices in cars and mandatory helmet-duty when motorcycling [1 Covington DS, Wainwright DJ, Teichgraeber JF, Parks DH (1994) Changing patterns in the epidemiology and treatment of zygoma fractures: 10-year review. J Trauma 37: 243-248. ], still zygoma-tripod and/or arch-fractures and related orbital-floor-fractures represent the most common trauma of facial bones representing a quarter of all cases, followed by generic orbital-floor-fractures [2 Scherer M, Sullivan WG, Smith Jr DJ, Phillips LG, Robson MC (1989) An analysis of 1,423 facial fractures in 788 patients at an urban trauma center. J Trauma 29: 388-390. ] 31 Mar, 2015 https://www.organscigroup.us/Oral-Craniofacial-Science/IJOCS-1-101.php Introduction Ameloblastoma (AB) is a well-known rare benign epithelial odontogenic tumor that more frequently involves the posterior region of the lower jaw at middle-aged male patient. Although it is slowly growing, it has local aggressive behavior and great tendency to recur if not properly excised. It has an unpredictable tendency to metastasize and required surgical en-bloc resection [1,2].