https://www.neuroscigroup.us/journals/journal-of-neurology-neurological-science-and-disorders A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 18 Apr, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-11-164.php When the Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) is recorded in motor nerve conduction studies, the reference (E2) electrode can make a significant contribution to the CMAP. Recording from FDI muscles presents a challenge in placing the reference electrode due to its positive deflection. This study investigates the E2 recorded signal and its effect on CMAP measurements when E2 electrode is placed at different sites. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal position for placing the reference electrode in FDI muscles. Method: A total of 46 hands were included in this study. Data collection adhered to the extensive and detailed descriptions provided in various research papers. The tests were conducted by a qualified clinical physiologist specializing in Neurophysiology, utilizing a Keypoint 9033A07 machine, in accordance with the Ulnar Nerve Screening Protocol (Protocol 1.1, 2020). All data were recorded numerically to ensure methodological reliability. The CMAP was recorded using the active electrode on the muscle belly and 5 different E2 electrodes placed at distal sites, including the tendon of the FDI muscles at the base of digit II, over the thumb, the tendon of ADM muscles at the base of digit V, Radial pathways at the wrist and tendon for FDI muscles in other hand. Result: Out of 46 hands were tested for the Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) by placing reference electrodes in five different places while recording ulnar nerves from FDI muscles i.e. Tendon of the FDI muscles to the base of digit II shows positive deflection in all hands with amplitudes ranging from 6 to 15 mV, over the middle of the thumb shows the baseline slightly elevated, impacting distal motor latency calculations with amplitude between 5-8mV, tendon of ADM muscles at the base of digit V shows clear baseline for accurate distal motor latency with the higher amplitude rage 10-18mV, radial pathways of the wrist shows slightly elevated distal motor latency with the amplitude range between 5-10mV and to record from tendon of the FDI muscles in other hand placing the reference electrode shows no clear baseline distal latency with the amplitude range between 5-10 mV. Conclusion: This study shows that recording the best and clearest response by placing the reference electrode at the tendon of ADM muscles at the base of digit V while recording from FDI muscles of the ulnar nerve is more reliable compared to other four areas to get the maximum amplitude. It also shows that distal motor latency in all placements is comparable. 30 Dec, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-10-163.php Cases of stroke have been reported in COVID-19 patients. In sub-Saharan Africa where the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has experienced some particularities, the link between stroke and COVID-19 is not well established. This study aims to describe the characteristics of strokes associated with COVID-19 in Togo during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A case series study including 36 patients confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 and suffering from stroke, hospitalised in the biggest Togolese centre for the care of patients with SARS-CoV-2 disease during the period from January to December 2021. Of 1,043 hospitalised COVID-19 patients, 36 (3.4%) had a stroke (mean age = 59.0 ± 14 years, sex ratio = 1). Among them, 4 (11.1%) didn’t have vascular risk factors. Hypertension was found in 86.1% of patients. The mean NIHSS was 9.7 ± 2.5. The types of strokes were mainly: ischemic stroke (80.6%) and intracerebral hemorrhages (16.7%). We recorded 12 deaths (33.3%). Impaired alertness (OR=7.60 [1.60-36.90]) and NIHSS on admission >15 (OR=16.40 [1.63-164.78]) associated with mortality (p < 0.05)  Strokes are relatively common in COVID-19 patients. The profile of these strokes is different from the one of the strokes outside the epidemic context by the greater frequency of ischemic stroke and higher mortality. COVID-19 appears to harm the frequency and outcome of strokes. 15 Jun, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-10-162.php In the volumetric studies of the brain, there are often conflicting results due to the presence of confounding factors such as age and gender, and covariates like brain volume. At times, in comparison with a control group, for example, this large variability is enough to confound any effect due to the pathology. For this reason, data are generally corrected or normalized by empirical methods as found in other fields of brain studies. In this study, we proposed a normalization method based on a theoretical approach. This method, based on a simple geometrical brain model, has been tested by a comparison with the empirical ones in 16 brain regions, considering two samples of subjects: 19 dyslexics and 10 healthy controls. The results show a good and interesting agreement between data and model and give a new basis for the single subject brain volume normalization. In particular, it is possible to show how the amygdala and the whole brain volume should be thought of, as linked by shape and physiological relation due to the ratio between their volumes. 03 May, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-10-161.php Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had significant effects on the well-being of individuals all over the world. The Austrian government decided to take various restrictions to contain the spread of the virus and thus protect the COVID-19 risk groups in particular. The aim of this study is to investigate how the COVID-19 risk groups perceive the pandemic and the restrictions to provide results for similar exceptional situations in the future. Methods: For this purpose, we developed a questionnaire consisting of eleven items concerning the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions on well-being and behavior. Participants of the ongoing epidemiological Paracelsus 10,000 study (P10), in Salzburg, Austria, were included. We analyzed data from 989 people and classified the participants into three sub-groups depending on their risk of suffering from a severe course of a COVID-19 infection and tested for effects of risk group, sex, and their interaction. For a better overview we decided to group the questions into four main topics, named “changes in behavior and environment”, “worries caused by the virus and the restrictions”, “mood and mental state” and “long-lasting effects.” Results: We found significant differences between the sub-groups in all main topics and a worsening in well-being across the entire sample. Especially anxiety, insecurity, nervousness, and sleep problems increased while satisfaction decreased. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions have created a highly uncertain environment and the topic was omnipresent and therefore had effects on the well-being and behavior of the risk groups as well as on our entire cohort. 13 Apr, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-10-160.php Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common demyelinating autoimmune diseases that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by major immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage or axonal loss explicable to the absence of myelin sheaths. Here we present the early findings of the gene expression study of myelinogenesis-related genes of MS rat models which were treated with a novel protocol of taper up-off of opium tincture. The study included normal Lewis rats, MS rat models by induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) without treatment, and MS rat models with a novel protocol of taper up-off treatment of opium tincture called Dezhakam-step-time (DST) in different dosages. RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized from the spinal cord tissue. Gene expression analysis was conducted for eight genes as markers of myelinogenesis (OLIG1, OLIG2, MBP, MYRF, PLP1, PMP22, EGF, and UGT8) using the Real-time PCR. All eight genes were down-regulated in EAE models vs. healthy controls and all eight genes were up-regulated after the taper up-off treatment of opium tincture. The most over-expression of myelinogenesis-related genes was revealed at higher dosages of opium tincture. These are the early results of a gene expression study in a multiple sclerosis model treated with opium tincture. It seems that the opium tincture method may induce the activation of myelinogenesis in EAE models which could lead to a potential treatment for improvement of neural dysfunctions in MS patients. 29 Feb, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-10-159.php Purpose: Post COVID Syndrome (PCS) is one of the most intriguing topics related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatigue is one of the most prevalent and disabling symptoms of PCS. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuromuscular junction functions in people who have had long-term fatigue due to COVID-19 and to investigate whether the neuromuscular junction is the cause of fatigue. Methods: 37 patients who had COVID-19 at least 12 weeks ago and continued to complain of fatigue and 37 healthy individuals were included in the study. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) questionnaires were applied to people with fatigue. Single Fiber Electromyography (SFEMG) was applied to all individuals and the obtained data were compared between the two groups. Results: 70.3% of the patients with Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome (PVFS) had increased fatigue severity. 45.9% of the patients experienced mild fatigue, 35.1% of them experienced moderate fatigue, 13.5% experienced significant fatigue and 5.4% of them had severe fatigue according to FIS. The number of fibers with pathologically increased jitter and the mean jitter values of patients with PVFS were significantly higher than those of healthy individuals. 59.4% of patients with PVFS had moderate motor end plate dysfunction on SFEMG and 13.6% had apparent motor end plate dysfunction. Conclusion: Patients with PVFS caused by COVID-19 have neuromuscular junction dysfunction. It is unclear why these individuals are affected, but abnormal immune responses can lead to this dysfunction. 29 Feb, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-10-158.php Background: Headache is a common symptom of long COVID. Blink Reflex (BR) may indicate possible brainstem dysfunction or changes in excitability in the headache. In this study, we aimed to reveal whether one of the underlying mechanisms of headache in long COVID is dysfunction in the nociceptive centers in the brainstem. Methods: The study included 29 individuals with confirmed 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and 17 healthy volunteers. Individuals were divided into 3 groups: post-COVID-19 headache (Group 1), post-COVID-19 headache-free (Group 2) and healthy individuals (Group 3). Individuals in the groups were subjected to BR and the parameters obtained with BR were compared between the 3 groups. Results: Accordingly, when Group 1 and Group 2 were compared, the mean latency of the R1 component of the BR and the mean latency of the ipsilateral R2 component obtained via right-sided electrical stimulation were found to be longer in Group 1. When Group 1 and Group 3 were compared, the latency differences of the ipsilateral R2 component and contralateral R2 component of the BRs were found to be longer in Group 3, indicating distinct patterns of neural response between the two groups. Conclusion: In long COVID patients experiencing headache symptoms, the underlying cause of the pain symptom may be brain stem dysfunction. 04 Jan, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-10-157.php Introduction: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of mindfulness training in enhancing social adjustment, self-esteem, and hope in transgender individuals. Methodology: This research employed a quasi-experimental design, incorporating pre-test and post-test measures, along with a control group. The study population comprised transgender individuals receiving support from one of the social support centres under the auspices of the Tehran Municipality in the year 1401 (2022). Fourteen participants from this population were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group underwent eight sessions of mindfulness training. Subsequently, during the post-test phase, both groups completed questionnaires. Data analysis involved multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. Results: The research findings revealed a statistically significant difference in mean scores of social adjustment, self-esteem, and hope between the control and experimental groups during the post-test phase. Mindfulness training contributed significantly to elevating the levels of these variables within the experimental group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In light of the research outcomes, mindfulness training emerges as a promising intervention for positively influencing social adjustment, self-esteem, and hope among transgender individuals. Consequently, this educational program is recommended for the provision of psychological services within the target community. 28 Aug, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-9-156.php Bipolar Disorder (BD) is underdiagnosed, and the average time gap between the onset and diagnosis due to poor screening is 7 years. This study aims to describe the development of the semi-structured Clinical Interview for Bipolar Disorder (CIBD) for diagnosing bipolar spectrum disorders and assessing the impact of psychological interventions, using a mixed method approach of clinician and interviewee ratings, with a recovery approach. Methods: CIBD was based on DSM-5 and developed by a multidisciplinary team. Firstly, a research review on BD assessment was conducted, and published guidelines from international BD experts were incorporated into the interview. Secondly, an expert panel formed by 9 psychiatrists, 8 psychologists, a nurse, and a neuropsychologist with expertise in BD was asked to assess it for clarity, pertinence, and completeness. Results: CIBD structure and sections were rated with high scores (range: 0-80) regarding usefulness (78.63), clarity (74.53), and completeness (77.63). The expert panel gave suggestions to clarify, add and change some instructions in the introduction, suicide risk scale for BD, and the empowerment scale, and an index was also added to help navigate the interview. Conclusion: CIBD is an acceptable and comprehensive tool for assessing BD and related disorders contributing to a recovery perspective and might be useful for tracing intervention improvements. Experts highlight the CIBD’s unique contributions, including the suicidality scale encompassing BD-specific risk factors, BD specifiers, and the assessment of clients’ empowerment. Overall, the CIBD seems to be a promising innovative instrument for diagnosing and assessing BD. 05 Jul, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-9-155.php Duchenne disease is caused by a deletion of the gene coding for dystrophin. The absence of this protein is responsible for the myonecrosis observed during the evolution of the pathology. It is X-linked recessive which explains its occurrence, especially in boys. The manifestation of the disease begins in 3 years - 5 years, and the life expectancy is 20 years - 30 years. In the classic clinic, we have gait disorders, kyphoscoliosis, pseudo hypertrophy of the calves, and a positive Gower’s sign. Cardiorespiratory impairment is often incriminated as the cause of death in these patients. Management is based on physiotherapy and corticosteroid therapy. In the event of a cardio-respiratory manifestation, the use of positive pressure ventilation, and anti-hypertensives such as ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers may be necessary. We will discuss the 10 years old patients who present with the classic symptoms of Duchenne disease and how we managed it in a low-income country. 28 Jun, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-9-154.php Kleefstra Syndrome (KS)is a rare genetic syndrome affecting approximately 1 in 200,000 individuals and is caused by either a deletion of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 9q (50%) or by a loss of function mutation in the Euchromatin Histone Methyl Transferase 1 (EHMT1) gene (50%). In this case report we analyze the case of an 8-year-old boy affected by KS from the parent’s point of view. The focus of the report is the detailed narrative analysis of the parent’s experience written directly by the mother and the complex intervention to reduce a severe sleep disturbance associated with the syndrome. A clinical assessment was carried out, focused on understanding the extent and frequency of the awakenings with a specific assessment questionnaire. The association of therapy with melatonine and trazodone was highly decisive and improved the well-being of the child and the family. The Author is carrying out further studies for the drafting of guidelines for sleep disorders in KS. 09 May, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-9-153.php The success of an organization cannot depend solely on leaders or followers. In past research, more attention has been paid to leaders. However, the success of an organization may depend more on followers; and even a harmonious relationship between leaders and followers. This study aims to focus on the Interaction of Leadership and Followership (ILF) perceived by different types of followers; the behavioral patterns generated by such interaction; and the impact of their interpersonal interaction on organizational citizenship behavior, work engagement, and job performance. Furthermore, the mediating effect of Leader-Member exchange (LMX) on the relationship among ILF, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Job Performance (JP); ILF, Work Engagement (WEng) and job performance. There were four styles of followership matched with four styles of leadership, and 16 groups of leadership and followership style interaction combinations were obtained in this study. The study found the interaction of different leadership and followership had positive, negative, and non-impact on OCB, WEng and JP. Future research can examine the interactions between more different types of leadership and followership characteristics to understand their impact on different working variables, Sand to better understand the impact of the interaction between leaders and followers. 27 Apr, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-9-152.php In the literature, the topic of neurocognitive development of preterm infants is of current interest. For more than a century, efforts have been made to study and demonstrate what factors may facilitate or interfere with normal neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Recently, attention seems to have focused on the role of gut microbiota. Several studies have shown that the cognitive performance of infants born preterm is lower in general and specific skills; behavior is also reduced in the first year of life; and, by school age, the cognitive development of infants born preterm is lower than that of full-term infants (these deficits are evident in the areas of learning, reading, writing, and mathematical skills, fine motor skills, communication, memory, and attention); however, there is currently no scientific evidence to confirm the existence of premature alterations in the gut microbiota concerning these morbid conditions, although there is evidence for the existence of the gut-brain axis and adverse outcomes on neurobiological function following physical afflictions, such as sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis and other diseases. Supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics does not appear to correlate with improvement or worsening of future neurobiological and cognitive status, except in the ability to positively influence pathological conditions that indirectly may interfere with healthy neurodevelopmental outcomes of the premature infant. 25 Apr, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-9-151.php Ulnar nerve entrapment across the elbow (UNEAE) is the second most common entrapment of the hand after carpal tunnel syndrome. There are few grades available for UNEAE with their limitations. The aim of this research is to establish, using the best available evidence, a clinically appropriate revision of the current ulnar nerve conduction grading tool and to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of acceptability, without any invasive tests. To compare the recording from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles with the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle to see which muscle is more sensitive and shows early changes in ulnar nerve entrapment. The revised scale is designed from a clinical physiologist’s perspective and is based on the numerical values of nerve conduction findings. It could also assist surgeons to use this as a tool for interventional prediction. The proposed revised grading system is based on more nuanced, descriptive categories, ranging from “normal, “early, “mild, “moderate, “severe,” and “complete” absence. An additional category of clinical grading is therefore proposed. Method: Data was collected based on the extensive and detailed grading system previously described by Padua. The tests were performed by a qualified clinical physiologist (neurophysiology) using a Keypoint 9033A07 machine, used in line with the departmental protocol (peripheral protocol 1, 2015). The Association of Neurophysiological Scientists (ANS) and British Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (BSCN) (2014) guidelines and minimum standards for the practice of clinical neurophysiology in the United Kingdom were followed. All data was recorded numerically to ensure methodological reliability. Result: The data was collected over the course of one year (2017). A total of 190 patients were involved in this study. A collection of 278 consecutive symptomatic hands was tested for conduction block across the elbow while recording from the first dorsal interosseous FDI muscles. Out of the 278 samples, 201 hands were graded as having normal conduction velocity: 9 hands showed early changes, 51 hands showed mild changes, 14 hands showed moderate changes, 2 hands showed severe changes, and 1 hand showed complete absence or no response from the wrist and across the elbow. Additional studies were carried out from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles for those patients who showed conduction block across the elbow while recording from the FDI muscles. Only 57 patients underwent a nerve conduction study for ADM. 77 symptomatic hands were tested for conduction block in the ADM muscle. 18 hands were graded as normal; 48 hands showed mild changes; 10 hands showed moderate changes; and 1 hand showed complete absence or no response from the wrist and across the elbow. Out of 278 hands, 266 hands were graded as having normal amplitude across the elbow while recording from FDI muscles; 7 hands showed early changes in amplitude; 1 hand showed moderate amplitude change; 4 hands showed severe amplitude changes; and 1 hand showed complete absence or no response from the wrist and across the elbow. Out of 77 hands, 73 hands showed normal amplitude across the elbow while recording from ADM muscles; 2 hands showed mild changes; 1 hand showed a moderate change; and 1 hand showed complete absence or no response from the wrist and across the elbow. Conclusion: Finding show that FDI is more sensitive in comparison to ADM to record early changes in ulnar nerve entrapment across the elbow. In addition, it shows that a drop in amplitude is not as significant when compared to a conduction block across the elbow. 20 Mar, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-9-150.php During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, some authors described an increased incidence of primary Spinal Epidural Abscess (SEA) in COVID-19 patients with clinical and radiological peculiarities. Early recognition of this disease remains challenging, resulting in delayed diagnosis and significant morbidity and mortality. The authors performed a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus about the traditional form of SEA comparing the main features related to COVID-19 SEA. The search was performed from 1990 to 2020. Magnetic Resonance Imaging with contrast is mandatory to recognize this kind of lesion in order to obtain a differential diagnosis. COVID-19 SEAs are generally active abscesses, with a large cystic component. Gadolinium-enhanced MR images can aid in the definition of the age and consistency of the abscess. A rim of tissue that enhances after the injection of gadolinium represents granulation tissue; liquid pus is associated with an area of low signal intensity on T1-weighted images. This new type of SEA in COVID-19 patients showed several differences also in clinical features. No evidence of an external infective source was found (spondylodiscitis, surgery, or percutaneous treatment). None of the patients was a drug abuser and MSSA was the only responsible pathogen. The cervicothoracic spine was the most involved site. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. 20 Jan, 2023 The patient included in this case study, Kavita Muthe, is from the Ahmednagar district’s Shrirampur hamlet. She is 36 years old, weighs 70 kg, is 162 cm tall, works as a homemaker, and has two children. After receiving the Covishield immunization two years prior, she had low back pain and lower extremity numbness. She visited the village doctor, who gave her some temporary medication. 15 Oct, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-8-147.php Better MRI scanning technologies and protocols can provide insights into neurological disorders. In this review, we describe the basic concepts of MRI and, in the process, we convey to the reader the relevance of MRI as a high-resolution imaging modality of tissue structure and metabolism. We outline the main parameters for improving MRI resolution and sensitivity for the ultimate goal of optimizing the diagnosis of neurological diseases. A key to obtaining high-resolution images by MRI is the strength of the magnet’s external field strength (Bo). The higher the field strength, the better the signal-to-noise (SNR) of acquired signals. Hence, this results in improved sensitivity and resolution of the reconstructed images. This article recapitulates the advancement of MRI technology towards Ultra-High-Field Strength (UHF) apparatus and the consequent benefits in SNR. Other keys towards improving MRI images include deftly modifying the parameters of longitudinal magnetization relaxation time (T1), transverse magnetization relaxation time (T2), repetition times between radiofrequency (RF) pulses (TR), and the time of reading post-pulse (TE). Such parameters can be controlled through acquisition software associated with the MRI machines. The review profiles the cumulative efforts by researchers to complement UHF-MRI hardware with innovative RF pulse sequences protocols such as Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), Pulse Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE), Oscillating Gradient Spin Echo (OGSE), Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD)-MRI and Arterial Spin Label (ASL)-MRI. Collectively, these advances in both MRI hardware and software have pushed the field to attain a mesoscopic level of resolution. Further enhancements in analyzing MRI images through Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms may advance resolutions beyond the mesoscopic stage and perhaps even toward the microscopic resolution of living tissue. 03 Oct, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-8-146.php Introduction: The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), from its old nomenclature “sylvian artery”, is a terminal branch of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) of which it constitutes the main extension. It represents a fundamental branch of the brain vasculature. The objective of this work was to provide Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) morphometric data of the MCA to inform the interventions of neurovascular specialists and to contribute to the advancement of microcatheter and stent technology. Methodology: Morphometry was studied on 40 Cerebral Hemispheres (CH) of 20 right-handed subjects aged 18 to 55 years. We used a Philips MRI from the Achieva range at 1.5 Tesla with the T2-SE and TOF sequences. After identification, the MCA morphometry consisted of measuring the luminal diameter at the origins of the four segments of the MCA. These were the M1 (sphenoidal), M2 (insular or sylvian), M3 (opercular) and M4 (cortical) segments. Results: The diameter is greater at the level of the M1 segment then it decreases along the path of the MCA. Within the same HC, the average luminal diameters at the origin of segments M1, M2 and M3 decrease significantly and successively from front to back (from M1 to M3). However, there is no significant difference between the average luminal diameters of M3 and M4. The M1, M2 and M3 segments show no significant mean difference between the right cerebral hemisphere (RCH) and the Left Cerebral Hemisphere (LCH). Only the M4 segment of the MCA presents a difference in the averages of the luminal diameter between the two CHs. Also, for this same segment M4, the distribution of RCH means is significantly higher than that of LCH. Conclusion: These results can help in choosing the appropriate size (diameter) of the microcatheters. Also, they make it possible to determine new diameters of microcatheters in the neurovascular system, some distal artery segments of which have been inaccessible until now. 16 Nov, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-7-145.php Head injuries, medically known as Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) are a leading cause of seeking emergency medical care, hospitalization, long hospital stays, disabilities, rehabilitation services, case fatalities and socioeconomic losses in India. Head trauma is one of the common injuries in the old due to trivial falls, and its consequences need not be grievous always. As many of the elderly are on medication for hypertension, diabetes, and heart ailments and due to sudden rising from the bed, or even from the commode or Indian style of squatting plate develop giddiness and fall. Incidence of head injuries is rising all over the world but fortunately more than half of them is either mild or moderate amenable to management with good outcomes. They can sometimes be serious and fatal when left untreated. The epidemiology of TBI is still an enigma in the medical world due to inconsistency in the definition and classification and discrepancies in data collection. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a well-accepted tool to assess the seriousness at the first visit to stratify, monitor the prognosis, and recovery of brain functions in patients with traumatic brain injury. Seniors over the age of 60 years with head injury are generally considered to have a poor outcome. However, a recent large multicentric China epidemiologic study of minor head injury patients (GCS 13–15) reported over 90 % survival, few with minor consequences. Another large-scale retrospective study at a level II trauma centre in Florida from 2005 to 2008, too indicated that the outcome of elderly over 65 years old had a survival rate of over 80 %. I report my own autobiographical case of a closed head injury, with good outcome due to timely care and early initiation of aerobic exercise (waking & tread meal) for recovery from concussion injury due to fall in washroom, with no major post-concussive symptoms. 29 Apr, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-7-144.php Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a single-stranded RNA virus has been plaguing the world through spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to physiological complications, COVID-19 led neurological and psychological problems that have been documented since the outbreak of COVID-19 in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. The present article demonstrates the neuropsychiatric complications associated with COVID-19. The current review would be of immense importance to those linked with COVID-19 mitigation, caregiving, health professionals, researchers, academicians as well as the COVID-19 sufferers. 06 Apr, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-7-143.php Background: Despite the availability of vast group of drugs, treatment of depression still remains unsatisfactory, largely due to differential efficacy of antidepressants at adequate doses resulting in treatment refractive depression. In addition, serious adverse effects of anti-depressants also lead to early withdrawal from treatment. One more important concern is the therapeutic lag of nearly 3-4 weeks, before some appreciable clinical effect. Therefore, newer agents with good safety profile, rapid onset of action and with substantial benefits in treating patients who are either refractory or resistant to conventional therapy, need to be explored. Methods: 8 groups of 6 mice each were evaluated for anti-depressant effect in Tail Suspension Test and Forced Swim Test. Treatment used was normal saline (control), citalopram, ketamine and combination of ketamine with citalopram. Results: Citalopram decreased the immobility time in both models but it was not significant in FST. Significant decrease in immobility time was observed in ketamine treated mice in both models. Ketamine and citalopram combination also decreased the immobility time significantly. Conclusion: Ketamine have an antidepressant activity of its own, as shown in both TST & FST models. Additionally, it also potentiated the antidepressant effect of citalopram, which could be attributed to possible involvement of NMDA receptors and its interaction with the monoaminergic system. 15 Mar, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-7-142.php Consciousness, understood as the state of vigilance of the mind or the state of being conscious and present with respect to ourselves and the surrounding environment, allows us to interact at every level, unless there is a precise cause capable of interfering with and altering the functional state of our consciousness. This paper investigates the main hypotheses of alteration, up to the most dysfunctional and pathological forms of psychotic pictures. 02 Mar, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-7-141.php This work focuses on the analysis of the general, clinical, neurobiological and therapeutic profiles of the disorder under examination, suggesting a particular attention to the elements that could make a difference in relation to healing or better management of symptoms, often aggravated by frequent comorbidities. 15 Oct, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-6-140.php Rod and Frame Testing (RFT) has been used to investigate the effects of an altered visual frame of reference on subjective visual vertical. RFT requires an individual to align a luminous rod as best they can with true vertical. Their vision, however, is restricted by a rotatable square frame. Muscle vibration has effects on proprioceptive integration and appears to provide the illusion of muscle lengthening. This illusion leads not only to reflexive contractions of the stimulated muscle, but reflexive inhibition of its antagonist. We were interested in examining how the head orientation and perception illusions generated by ventral neck vibration would affect a participant’s subjective sense of vertical in an altered visual frame of reference. A sample of 21 healthy individuals between the ages of 18 and 35 undertook RFT with concurrent, unilateral vibration over their sternocleidomastoid muscles. We found that RFT significantly influenced our participants even though their heads were stabilized in a chinrest, with or without vibration. Vibration alone was not significantly different from baseline. We believe this indicates the influence of the close visual frame of the RFT is independent of, or even primary over, relevant somatosensory information as it relates to subjective visual vertical. 22 Jul, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-6-139.php This work focuses on the specific analysis of the general, neurobiological and clinical profiles of epileptic forms, starting from classifications and definitions, and then extending the field of study to clinical and symptomatological data, to conclude with treatments and better management of these patients. 07 Jul, 2020 Autoimmune encephalitis are a group of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system whose clinical presentation uses to be characterized by neuropsychiatric disorders. Different autoantibodies against neuronal cell-surface proteins and synaptic receptors have been described as causing autoimmune encephalitis. Of these, anti-N-methyl-Daspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the most frequent, with an estimated incidence of 1.5 per million inhabitants/year. Other antibodies have also been linked to autoimmune encephalitis, 30 May, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-6-137.php Antibodies against contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), a protein associated with the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Complex (VGKC) [1], represent an emerging cause of some old neurological manifestations; such as Morvan’s and Isaacs’ syndromes, as well as a variety of phenotypes encompassing limbic encephalitis, neuropathic pain, late onset epilepsy and dysautonomia [2,3]. 20 May, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-6-136.php The present work focuses on the general concept of impaired perception in body dismorphic disorder, 19 Dec, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-135.php Multiple sclerosis affecting the cerebellum and associated pathways can result in debilitating ataxia. Recent research has shown that reinforcement and goal-based learning may be more effective in improving motor outcomes than error-based motor learning in patients with cerebellar deficits due to decreased intrinsic feedback mechanisms. 22 Nov, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-134.php Introduction: The middle cerebral artery is divided into four segments: proximal M1, insular M2, opercular M3 and cortical M4. 31 Oct, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-133.php Background: Gliomas represent the most frequent primary tumors of central nervous system (CNS), contributing to more than half of the incidence of brain tumors. Cancer stem cell markers (CSC) identify a group of patients at high risk for progression. Nestin is an intermediate fi lament (IF) protein was first described as a neural stem cell/progenitor cell marker. 20 Aug, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-132.php In this review we explain: 1) the molecular mechanism by which de nervous system establishes communication between all their cells (neurons and glia), 2) the way by which this system organizes its confi guration (plasticity); in order to send signals, which form part of our behaviour, memory, thoughts, movements and all the functions that allow us to communicated with our environment and 3) the altered neurotransmission involved in brain diseases or disabilities. 19 Jul, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-131.php Background and Objective: Vitamin D status and neurological manifestation of Vitamin D defi ciency in medical students is seldom investigated. Design and settings: Cross sectional Survey conducted at King Khalid University Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia. 15 Apr, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-130.php The test of reincarnation of the soul has only been studied through the Tibetan Book of the Dead [1], written by Padmasambhava in the 8th century. He was the founder of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism and the inner tantras in the 8th century. This book is a handbook for those who have died and which, according to the Tantric Buddhism of Tibet [2], would allow achieving enlightenment during the immediate period after the death and for a few days more in order to avoid rebirthing and entering samsara again, as it is considered that the death process after dying takes 49 days and afterwards a rebirth suddenly happens in the reincarnation cycle. The content of the book gives some advice to keep in mind during this “intermediate period”, known by the Tibetans as bardo [1], in order to not reincarnate in any of the called lower kingdoms according to the Buddhist tradition [2]. According to that tradition, this text is considered as one of the “earth treasures” (gter ma). Nevertheless, Padmasambhava [3] did not make it public but he concealed it, though it was discovered in a cave by Karma Lingpa 6 centuries later, in the 14th century. In the Western world it was made public for the first time trough the translation into English by Walter Evans-Wentz in 1927 [4]. 15 Apr, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-129.php The test of reincarnation of the soul has only been studied through the Tibetan Book of the Dead [1], written by Padmasambhava in the 8th century. He was the founder of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism and the inner tantras in the 8th century. This book is a handbook for those who have died and which, according to the Tantric Buddhism of Tibet [2], would allow achieving enlightenment during the immediate period after the death and for a few days more in order to avoid rebirthing and entering samsara again, as it is considered that the death process after dying takes 49 days and afterwards a rebirth suddenly happens in the reincarnation cycle. The content of the book gives some advice to keep in mind during this “intermediate period”, known by the Tibetans as bardo [1], in order to not reincarnate in any of the called lower kingdoms according to the Buddhist tradition [2]. According to that tradition, this text is considered as one of the “earth treasures” (gter ma). Nevertheless, Padmasambhava [3], did not make it public but he concealed it, though it was discovered in a cave by Karma Lingpa 6 centuries later, in the 14th century. In the Western world it was made public for the first time trough the translation into English by Walter Evans-Wentz in 1927 [4]. 15 Apr, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-128.php The test of reincarnation of the soul has only been studied through the Tibetan Book of the Dead [1], written by Padmasambhava in the 8th century. He was the founder of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism and the inner tantras in the 8th century. This book is a handbook for those who have died and which, according to the Tantric Buddhism of Tibet [2], would allow achieving enlightenment during the immediate period after the death and for a few days more in order to avoid rebirthing and entering samsara again, as it is considered that the death process after dying takes 49 days and afterwards a rebirth suddenly happens in the reincarnation cycle. The content of the book gives some advice to keep in mind during this “intermediate period”, known by the Tibetans as bardo [1], in order to not reincarnate in any of the called lower kingdoms according to the Buddhist tradition [2]. According to that tradition, this text is considered as one of the “earth treasures” (gter ma). Nevertheless, Padmasambhava [3] did not make it public but he concealed it, though it was discovered in a cave by Karma Lingpa 6 centuries later, in the 14th century. In the Western world it was made public for the first time trough the translation into English by Walter Evans-Wentz in 1927 [4]. 21 Feb, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-127.php Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired disorder of peripheral nerves. Paranodal axoglial junctions formed by the association of contactin-1 (CNTN1), contactin-associated protein 1 (CASPR), and neurofascin-155 (NF-115) play important functions in nerve impulse propagation along myelinated axons. As with neurofascin antibody-mediated CIDP, this condition may be responsive to B cell depletion therapy (anti-CD20 therapies) and refractory to intravenous immune globulin. CTCN1 antibody is an IgG4 subclass and pathophysiologically does not activate complement pathways. It justifies the poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin and possibly a better response to anti-CD20 therapies. We believe that CTCN1 antibodies may be useful as a clinical diagnostic and therapeutic response immunometric biomarker in elderly patients with CIDP and sensory ataxia. 21 Jan, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-5-126.php Background: Cerebrovascular accident is a major cause of disability. Stroke survivors suffer from various severity levels of movement impairment which would substantially affect their quality of life. Several methods have been investigated for improving movement in these patients. Most of the treatment approaches are geared toward inducing neuroplasticity in the brain. Here, we introduce a novel method to induce neuroplasticity in spinal cord to compensate the cerebral insult. 05 Dec, 2018 A good listener is what we seek in our parents, friends and romantic partners as subconsciously; the term is associated with being a good person. Unfortunately, most of the listening we are required to do comprises of negative thoughts, complaints and a whole lot of whining from our loved ones. And while every good relationship indeed relies on effective communication, did you know that exposing yourself to excessive complaining can damage your brain permanently? Yes, being a good listener comes with a price! 19 Jul, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-4-124.php Introduction: Epilepsy affects health globally and reduces the quality of life of those who suffer from it. Objectives: To analyze the quality of life in adult patients diagnosed with epilepsy. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. The QOLIE-31 questionnaire was applied to all the included patients. Results: 30 patients, 17 men and 13 women participated. 73.3% (n = 22) of the patients had a history of epilepsy greater than 5 years. 43.3% of the patients presented poor quality of life. The factor that generates the greatest impact on the quality of life of these patients is the side effect of antiepileptic drugs. The patients who perceived having a better quality of life are those who were treated with monotherapy, especially levetiracetam. 09 Jul, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-4-123.php Background: Only a few patients survive cardiac arrest as it with widespread cerebral ischemia frequently leads to severe neurologic impairment. Aim: Our objective was to evaluate whether induced hypothermia improves neurologic recovery in survivors of primary cardiac arrest or not. 13 Dec, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-122.php Objective: Measure the intratunnel pressure of carpal tunnel in patients who underwent surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome in Hanoi Medical University Hospital Patients and method: Prospective cross-sectional study of 33 carpal tunnel syndrome patients (61 hands) treated surgically at Hanoi Medical University Hospital. Measure the preoperative intratunnel pressure with manometer using needle catheter with 3 positions: neutral position, 90º of fl exion and 90º of extension. Results: the average intratunnel pressure was 13.87 ±1.56 mmHg, it increased when wrist at 90º of fl exion and 90º of extension (27.60 ± 2.53 and 34.76 ± 3.25, respectively). 15 Sep, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-121.php Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a lethal, autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. SMA has an incidence of 1 in 6000-10000 live-births and a carrier frequency of 1:38–50 [1]. Previous reports describe genotype and frequency differences among ethnic groups [2,3]. In around 95% SMA results from the loss of SMN1 gene [4]. SMA can be classifi ed into fi ve clinical grades based on age of onset and severity. 30 Aug, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-120.php Background: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious condition that results of critical failure of the intrapartum gas exchange and may lead to a signifi cant damage in the central nervous system. Objective: to elucidate the role of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the diagnosis and evaluating the severity of HIE in full-term Egyptian neonates 07 Aug, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-119.php Background: Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) is characterized by cerebral hemiatrophy, epileptic seizures, contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis, and mental retardation. Aims: In this study, clinical and radiological investigations of seven patients who were diagnosed with DDMS as adults age were evaluated and discussed with the literature. 17 Jul, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-118.php Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of treatment with eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) on social cognition and prefrontal cognitive function in adults with partial onset seizures. 03 Jul, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-117.php Megalocornea is a defi ning feature of megalocornea-mental retardation (MMR) syndromealso calledNeuhäuser syndrome, a rare condition of unknown etiology. 24 Jun, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-116.php Background: Malignant mesothelioma is a rare neoplasm arising from the mesothelial surfaces of the pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, tunica vaginalis or pericardium that spreads mainly via direct invasion. While distant metastasis is possible, metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS) is rare. 01 Jun, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-115.php A 83 year old Italian woman, with unremarkable family history, was admitted in 2013 to a Neurology Ward for lumbar pain and progressive motor impairment of right lower limb.The only remarkable event in her past history had been a clinical diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 20 years earlier, not confi rmed by laboratory tests and radiological imaging. The neurological examination showed an isolated mild right lower limb paresis, 4/5 on the MRC scale (medical research council muscle scale), no sensory deficit and preserved symmetrical tendon reflexes. 05 May, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-114.php Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, but there are limited treatment options available despite extensive animal studies. 23 Mar, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-113.php This paper reports about 2 patients with Huntington’s disease who benefi t greatly from music therapy while they are struggling with behavioral and emotional problems, due to the advanced stage of the disease. Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disease with progressive neural degeneration of the basal ganglia and gradual atrophy of the frontal and temporal cortex. Symptoms are progressive and include motor, emotional and cognitive disturbance. There is as yet no cure for HD, nor can its progress be reversed or slowed down. All treatment is aimed at improving quality of life. 23 Feb, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-112.php Background: Surgery and embolization may both be considered in ruptured superfi cial micro-AVMs. However, surgery may be challenged by poor recognition of the lesion and embolization by diffi culty in achieving complete obliteration and avoiding en passage feeders. Recent developments in AVM surgery and embolization techniques call for a reevaluation of these treatment options. 25 Jan, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-3-111.php Cysticercosis is the most common helminthic disease of the nervous system in humans. The clinical presentation of neurocysticercosis (NCC) is nonspecifi c and can mimic a wide array of primary central nervous system (CNS) disorders, making its diagnosis a challenge especially in endemic areas. The pathophysiology of episodic CNS manifestations of NCC is not well understood. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-2-110.php Cytoprotection in human diseases can be achieved by avoiding and ameliorating tissue damage or by restoring the homeostatic balance either as a local or a systemic defense response. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Ischemic Stroke (IS) although being different central nervous system diseases, have common pathogenic aspects such as a deregulated inflammatory response, a toxic redox imbalance and a prominent neuronal dysfunction. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-2-109.php The term vascular cognitive impairment designates a heterogenous group of disorders ranging from mild cognitive impairment to full-blown dementia - vascular dementia - resulting from cerebrovascular lesions involving various brain areas. Current clinical criteria show moderate sensitivity (50-56%) and variable specificity (range 64-98%). 20 Dec, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-2-108.php Extraventricular Neurocytoma (EVN) is a rare primary tumor of Central Nervous System (CNS). To date, no cases have been reported in International Literature, about EVN associated to meningoencephalocele as manifestation of subacute increased intracranial pressure. 25 Aug, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-2-107.php Introduction: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a recognized cause of learning impairment in children. Several studies have shown that there is an increased prevalence of ADHD in children with epilepsy. 05 Jun, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-2-106.php Background: High resolution imaging may help detect early development of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and clarify mechanisms of small vessel disease (SVD). 26 Dec, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-1-105.php In this review, we explore the evidence concerning the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The majority of protocols have utilized high-frequency excitatory rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with limited therapeutic benefits in ameliorating negative symptoms. 09 Dec, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-1-104.php Entrapment neuropathy of the deep peroneal nerve, also recognized as anterior tibial nerve, typically occurs at the anterior ankle and dorsal foot. Compression of this nerve, which anatomically is inferior to the extensor retinaculum, is commonly referred to as anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome. This syndrome is rare and remains poorly diagnosed among clinical problems. 18 Sep, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-1-103.php Objective: To investigate clinical outcomes of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. Methods: One hundred and thirty-seven patients with NMO were enrolled. Clinical, laboratory, and MRI features were assessed and compared according to different distribution patterns of brain lesions. 10 Sep, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/JNNSD-1-102.php Background: Serum soluble corin was decreased not only in some cardiac diseases, but also in stroke. Cardiogenic sources play a critical role in ischemic stroke. Serum soluble corin level in stroke subtypes has not been studied. Here we aimed to study corin level in 4 stroke subtypes: hemorrhagic, thrombotic, embolic and lacunar stroke. 26 Apr, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Neurology-Neurological-Science-Disorders/JNNSD-1-101.php Objectives: To analyze the patterns of movement disorders prospectively using the registry of movement disorders in our institution and to identify some research priorities. Background and purpose: Movement disorders are common reasons for consultation and referrals in our hospital. They are often thought to affect movement only. However, most patients also experience psychiatric, cognitive, and other non-motor symptoms, either from the disease itself, or as a side-effect of medications. No data has been obtained regarding movement disorders in our institution. With the use of our registry, we aim to document findings prospectively, for use as data mining to support a variety of researches in the future, and to guide us as to priorities in services, teaching and research.