Introduction

Breast cancer in men is a rare disease and makes up approximately 1% of all cases of breast cancer [1,2]. The rarity of this entity precludes prospective randomized trials. During 2014 in the USA, about 2,360 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed in men and about 430 men died from the disease [3]. The etiology of male breast cancer is unclear, but hormone levels and testicular abnormalities play a role in the development of this disease [4,5]. Other recognized risk factors include radiation exposure, family history of breast cancer, Klinefelter syndrome, and different benign breast conditions [4,5].

Previous reports have suggested that cancers of the male breast are more likely than female breast cancers to have a ductal histology and are significantly more likely to express hormone receptors [6,7]. Early reports suggested equivalent or even higher rates of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression in male breast cancer versus female breast cancer [8,9]. Overexpression of the oncoprotein HER2 observed in 10-15% of patients could justify prescribing trastuzumab. In the context of the considerable progress achieved in the recent years concerning female’s breast cancer management, it seems important to review the acquired data and to exploit these advances in order to improve male breast cancer care [10]. In this study we will explore the following pathological parameters: histological type, tumor size, histological grade, lymph node status, hormonal and HER2 status of male breast cancer from western Algeria and compared them with different literatures data.

Material and Method

This cross sectional study was done at the department of pathology at Sidi Bel Abbes University Hospital in Western Algeria from 2010 to 2013. The Male patients with breast cancer were selected for the study. The cases were stained with hematoxyline and eosin (H&E) for routine histological examination. An absolute confidentiality of the patients’ vital information was maintained for ethical purposes and an ethical approval was obtained from institutions in which the study was carried out. We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of HER2, ER, and PR receptor.

Immunohistochemical expression of HER2 was evaluated according to the published scoring guidelines of the ‘HercepTest’ (Dako, Carpinteria, CA). Herceptest of score 3+ was considered as positive. Four subtypes were defined: 1) Luminal A; oestrogen receptor (ER) + and/or progesterone receptor (PR) +, HER2 -, grade 1 or grade 2 tumours, 2) Luminal B; ER + and/or PR + and HER2 + tumours or ER+ and /or PR+ and HER2- grade 3 tumours, 3) HER2+; ER -, PR- and HER2 + tumours, 4) Triple negative; ER-, PR-,HER2- tumours.

Graph and circles were done using the SPSS Inc. software (Version20).

Results

10 patients with breast cancer were included; and all of them were men. Median age was about 60.2 years (range, 42-80); The most affected age groups were 52-61 years (40%) followed by 62 -71 age group (30%) (Figure 1).

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   Figure 1:

   The distribution of cases by age group.
   
   
   

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was diagnosed in all cases. 7 cases of tumors were mainly diagnosed in grade 3 (70%); 3 cases in grade 2 (30%) and lymph node metastasis in 7 cases (70%). T3 and T4 constitute 30% and 70% respectively of the stages (Table 1). The percentage of positive hormonal status was observed in 6 cases (60 %), HER2 was +3 in one case (10%), and +2 in 4 cases (40%) of the patients (Figures 2,3). The most common subtype was luminal B (40%) followed by triple negative (30%), luminal A (20%) and HER2+ (10%) subtypes. The Distribution of molecular subtypes of male breast cancer is represented in Table 2.

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   Table 1:

   Clinico-pathological Features of male Breast Cancer (n=10).
   
   

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   Table 1: Clinico-pathological Features of male Breast Cancer (n=10).
   Histology	Infiltrating ductal carcinoma	10 (100%)
   Tumor Size	T3 T4	3 (30%) 7 (70%)
   Lymph Node	Negative Positive	3 (30%) 7 (70%)
   Tumor Grade	Grade2 Grade3	3 (30%) 7 (70%)
   ER*	Negative Positive	4 (40%) 6 (60%)
   PR**	Negative Positive	4 (40%) 6 (60%)
   HER2***	Negative positive	9 (90%) 1 (10%)
   *:  Estrogen Receptor. **:  Progesterone Receptor. ***:  Human Epidermal Growth factor Receptor 2.

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   Table 2:

   Distribution of four molecular subtypes of male Brest cancer (n=10).
   
   

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   Table 2: Distribution of four molecular subtypes of male Brest cancer (n=10).
   Group	No (%)
   Luminal A (ER/PR+HER2-)	2 (20%)
   Luminal B (ER/PR+HER2+)	4 (40%)
   Triple negative (ER/PR-HER2-)	3 (30%)
   HER- 2 +ive (ER/PR-HER2+)	1 (10%)
   Total	10 (100%)

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   Figure 2:

   The distribution of cases by hormonal status.
   
   
   

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   Figure 3:

   The distribution of cases by HER2 status.
   
   
   

Discussion

The mean age at diagnosis for male breast cancer in the general population varies in different studies between 62 and 71 years, which is about 5-10 years older than the average age at diagnosis for women [1]. The age frequency distribution in women among the general population is bimodal with peaks at 52 and 71 years, whereas in men it is unimodal with a peak age 71 years [11]. The mean age in our study was about 60.2 years (range 42-81 years), which is slightly decreased comparing to other countries. The most predominant histological type in male patients was infiltrating ductal carcinoma, accounting for 85–90% [12]. In our study, infiltrating ductal carcinoma was diagnosed in 100% of cases, this is consistent with published literature [12,13].

The distribution of histological grade according Scarff Bloom Richardson classification was of 30% grade 2 and 70% Grade 3. The T3-T4 lesions represented respectively 30% and 70% of patients, and there was lymph node metastasis in 70% of the cases. Other studies reported that grade I was of 12 to 20%, grade 2 was of 49 to 61% and grade 3 was 22 to 32% grade [13,14]. T3-T4 lesions was in 30% of patients [13,14] there were also clinical axillary invasion in 30 to 50% of the whole cases [13,15,16].

Male breast cancers are significantly more likely in males than in females’ breast cancer to express HR. More than 90% of male breast cancers express ER/PR [1,17,18] in contrast to female breast cancers; 60%-70% of female breast cancers are ER or PR positive. In our study expression of ER and PR was in 60% of cases which is less than reported [17,18]. Patients that present a negative hormonal status can’t benefit from hormonal treatment [18].

HER2 proto-oncogene is less likely to be overexpressed in cancers of the male breast [19,20]. Recent studies that used standardized methodology have shown a lower rate of HER2 overexpression in men (2%-15%) in comparison with female breast cancers (18–20%) [19,20]. Early reports had suggested equivalent rates of HER2 overexpression between male and female breast cancers [20,21]. A recent series of 75 patients found that only 5% of male breast cancers overexpressed HER2 [22]. Similarly of our result Bloom and colleagues found that only 1 of 58 male breast cancers overexpressed HER2 [19]. Patients presenting a positive HER2 status should be treated with trastuzumab in order to improve their survival [10].

Luminal B was the most common subtype in this population, followed by triple negative, luminal A and HER2 + subtypes. Sánchez Muñoz et al reported that Luminal B was the most common subtype in the male breast cancer patients [23]. Other studies reported a lower proportion of luminal B and triple negative and a higher proportion of Luminal A and HER2 + in male breast cancer [24-28].

Many questions remain regarding the causes, consequences, and optimal care of breast cancer in men. More work is required to further elucidate biological underpinnings, risks and benefits of specific treatments, and quality of life in men with breast cancer. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer is planning a prospective registry that will collect tissue specimens and diagnostic and treatment information in order to answer critical clinical questions in male breast cancer. We have reason for optimism that future research efforts will facilitate the development of interventions that improve the prognosis of individuals in this unique and understudied population [29].

Conclusion

Our study showed that large tumor size, high tumor grade and lymph node involvement were more common in male breast cancer, these poor prognosis results have a considerable impact on the evolution of the disease and survival. Public awareness of the disease should be improved and an appropriate system for early detection and adequate treatment strategies implemented. Moreover, men presenting with breast symptoms should be examined in the same manner as women to facilitate early detection and better treatment outcomes.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the members of pathology department of Sidi bel Abbes hospital for their invaluable support, guidance, and educational insight.

Ethical approval:

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.