Background: The spreading of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry in Eurasia and Africa accompanied with the great economic losses to poultry industry in past decades has attracted the great attention of whole world. Domestic ducks play a critical role in the ecology of avian influenza viruses.
Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII has become the dominant genotype in China. However, NDV genotype II was used to make current commercial NDV vaccines. The mismatch of genotypes between circulating and vaccine strains of viruses may compromise the efficacy of vaccines.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease which is currently an important and rapid growing health problem across the globe. Four closely related dengue serotypes cause the disease, which ranges from asymptomatic infection to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever (DF), and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).
Background: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is acute, highly contagious form of disease of water buffalo, cattle, and bison caused by Pasteurella multocida (PM).
Introduction: Rabies is a viral disease that causes nearly thousands of death globally per year. Vaccination against rabies generates virus neutralizing antibodies and is the most successful and cost effective method of preventing the disease.
Over the last 20 years, a large body of work in the literature has focused on the folded structures formed by peptide sequences containing backbone homologated residues. Currently increasing interest in peptide based vaccines for several infectious diseases, and non-infectious diseases.
Parasites are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide and infect over one fourth of the human population also. Parasites are successful in evading host immune responses, and vaccination can prove to be an effective way to control them. However, currently very few vaccines are available against parasitic infection.
Background: Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumonia which can lead to life-threatening invasive pneumococcal diseases. In the UK, pneumococcal vaccination is targeted at those most at risk of serious disease: infants, older people and those with risk factors.
Background: The very virulent infectious bursal disease virus has become the dominant path type that damage lymphoid tissues with high mortality in young chickens in China. Current commercial vaccines are modified live vaccines originated from classic form of virulent virus and cannot provide complete protection as they cause bursal atrophy and immunosuppression. There is an urgent call to develop more effective and safer vaccines.
We report a 7-year-old patient with mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) presenting with recurrent delirious behavior, hallucinations and seizures following common cold. Cranial MRI showed high signal intensity in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Rhinovirus was detected in the nasopharyngeal swab by multiplex PCR.
Expression of MHC I at the cell surface is essential for presenting peptides to circulating cytotoxic T cells. Interference with a number of components of the antigen processing machinery is an immune evasion mechanism that has been highlighted in a number of malignancies.
Despite careful contributions, food allergic children have a significant risk of anaphylactic episodes. Especially at risk are children not accompanied by parents or caregivers in public places, or restaurants, or not provided with injectable epinephrine. We shortly report two children and conclude that parents should be provided with medication for emergency treatment.
Cow's milk (CM) protein hydrolyzed formulas (HFs) appeared in the 40's with the aim of decreasing or eliminating the allergenicity of CM proteins, and in addition of reducing the risk of sensitization. In recent years the so-called hypoallergenic (HA) formulas have been developed. The use of such HFs is based on the premise that predigested proteins, when fed as amino acids and peptides, provide nutrients in a not antigenic form. Thus, protein HFs have been classified as HA.
The current generation vaccines are mainly composed of highly purified antigens and tend to be poorly immunogenic, requiring potent adjuvant for their success. The adjuvants currently available suffer from various drawbacks such as low potency (inability to activate strong humoral and cell-mediated immune response) and extreme toxicity for routine clinical use in humans. In addition, not all adjuvants are effective for all antigens.
With increased globalization, the international boundaries between countries are diminished. Number of worldwide activities such as tourism, expansion of industry to multinational level, migrant employment, civilized efforts, international education etc. have been greater than before. The number of international tourists has grown up by an average 5% a year since 2010 with around 517 million international tourists across globe between January and June 2014 [1].
While the advanced use of effective vaccines has had an extraordinary impact on global health, there remain many diseases for which vaccines are not available. The concept of therapeutic infection vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against infection after the presentation of microbes' antigens to provide long-term protection against an infection.
This paper presents the results of a study of the safety of new vector vaccine against B. abortus based on recombinant influenza A subtype H5N1 or H1N1 (viral constructs vaccine formulation) viruses expressing Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 and Omp16, in cattle. To increase the effectiveness of the vaccine, adjuvants such as Montanide Gel01 or chitosan were included in its composition.
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